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№ 1(134)/2021
ВЕСТНИК Евразийского национального университета имени Л.Н. Гумилева.
Серия Педагогика. Психология. Социология
BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociology Series
problem for a learner, his flexible guidance of
selected set of strategies at the right place and
the right time is a problem solution. And the
third reason for strategy instruction is that it is
a main tool to foster autonomous self-regulated
learning, which is described by Schraw as
learners’ abilities to set goals, plan, monitor and
evaluate a wide range of cognitive, metacognitive
and motivational skills in integration with
self-efficacy and epistemological beliefs [17].
Finally, graduate, and undergraduate students’
metacognitive awareness positively correlates
with their Great Point Average (GPA) academic
achievements which validate the necessity of
metacognitive instruction [18].
Teaching strategy models: a gradual release of
responsibility model and model of metacognition
When teaching a strategy, it is useful to follow ‘a
gradual release of responsibility’ model in which
first, teacher-centered instruction predominates
and then gradually turns into student-centered
one. Five stages of the model include: 1) a strategy
should be described explicitly and explained in
terms of a strategy name, it’s definition, when
and how it is implemented with a situational
example; 2) a strategy should be modeled and
demonstrated by the teacher actively with a task
example; 3) it should be
applied in collaboration
of the teacher with learners according to that
task; 4) a strategy should be acted by learners
under the teacher’s guided practice in which
his responsibility is diminished moderately;
5) a strategy should be applied by learners
independently [19; 20]. Giving learners feedback
Components
Strategic actions
1. To prepare and plan
strategy use.
A learner gets acquainted with the task requirement, sets a goal and reflects
about how to meet a learning goal related to the task.
2. To choose and apply
specific
strategies
for a particular task
consciously.
This component demands learners’ experience in acquisition of a wide
range of cognitive strategies in advance, ability to select appropriate
strategy matching to the task requirement in different contexts. For
example, if a learner faces unknown vocabulary in a text with prefix such
as ‘misinterpret’ he knows that ‘a word analysis strategy’ is appropriate
to choose not deducing meaning from the context. Here, teacher’s role is
vital to instruct a considerable number of strategies with explanations,
demonstrations, much guided and repeated practice. The questions
of when and how to use strategies, which of the chosen strategies for a
problematic task is better to select are crucial for teacher to explicitly teach
first and then to discuss with learners.
3. To monitor strategy
use.
Learners stop from time to time and question themselves about how the
process is going on, whether they employ those selected strategies and
whether they work well, if one does not work what strategy to substutude.
4.
To
orchestrate
multiple strategies.
It depends on teacher’s competence and mastery to teach learners how
to utilize a set of cognitive strategies corresponding to the task in parallel
with metacognitive strategies. For example, a learner may select a word
analysis strategy for the word ‘antimony’ thinking that it is a prefix, but
then he substitutes that strategy with deducing meaning from the context
since the first strategy does not work.
5. To evaluate strategy
application
and
learning
The concluding stage is important for a learner to self-assess whether the
task has been executed effectively, what a learner should do to reinforce his
learning process.
Table 2
Model of metacognition suggested by Anderson.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: