T.S. Abzhanov, Zh.T. Boranbai, N.B. Seidabzalov, A.X. Nurushev
CONSERVED OF LOCATION OF FIELD PROTECTIVE FOREST PLANTATIONS ON
TERRITORIES OF THE AKMOLA REGION
Acclimate one can only those plants which occur from the source climate. Erect artificial
populations of rare and disappearing species in nature biotopes of is carried out through planting
adult generative shoots, by sowing seeds and to planting seedlings, farmed in nurseries.
Кеуwords: acer tataricum, betula verrucosa, acer negundo.
91
UDC 625.77
T.S. Abzhanov, B.A. Kentbayeva
The Kazakh National Agricultural University
DETERMINATION OF THE CONTENT HEAVY METALS IN OF INTRODUCED
TREE STAND OF ASTANA CITY
Abstract
Nowadays, the importance of determining the numericalvaluation of environmental and
genetic structure of populations of woody tree species in dealing with the introduction, without
any doubt, is recognized by many researchers. The growing numbers of works associated with
the introduction, examination of geographic cultures focused on the study of interspecific, inter-
and intrapopulation, subpopulation genetic structure of quantitative and qualitative attributes
which are important for forestry production and industrial wood processing.
Key words: heavy metals,
сaraganaarborescens, introduced.
Introduction
An introduction is a transfer of plants from one region to the region where they were
missing with the use of impactmethods to the nature. The possibility of introduced plants to
acclimate was pointed out by many researchers [1,2]. However, the naturalization (the transfer of
plants to the similar habitats) was more recognized for a long time, which also denies the ability
of the plant to adapt to the new conditions .
In 1868, at the initiative of the nobility, the local intelligentsia, amateur gardenersfrom
Voronezh, Kharkov, Penza province, as well as Nicholas Botanical Garden,plants, which are
several varieties of apple, grape, lilac, oak, marpleplatanoides, mountain ash, horse chestnut ,
quince, ailanthus, Japanese acacia,were brought. It was the spontaneous introduction. In
1868,Vernenskaya Grove was established by order of the GeneralGovernorKolpakovsky and the
scientist and forester E.O. Baum. By 1879 it had an area of 152 acres, including a forest nursery.
In 1871,the seeds of pine and larch were produced, and, in 1874,seeds of white and yellow
acacia, hawthorn, ash, mulberry were experimentally planted. In the same year, Moscow
received seeds of Pinuspinaster, P.peuce, P. strobus, P. cembra, Thujaoccidentalis,
Juniperusvirginiana [3,4,5,6].
Climatic conditions
Factors and ecological conditions of soil formation and landscape environment. The
geographical position of Astana is led by the severity of extreme continental climate and its
instability. Winter is cold and long with a steady snowing. Summer is relatively short, but hot
with low precipitation and strong evaporation. Sharp continental climate is due to the remoteness
of the area from major water ponds and the closeness to the desert and semi-desert areas of
Central Asia and the polar regions of Siberia.
Material and methods
Basic methods of introduction and acclimatization of plants
After studying the flora of Central America (1799-1804) A. Humboldt drew attention to
the relationship between the distribution of plants and climatic conditions. He was the first
topoint out that the acclimatization of plants should take into account not just the average
temperature but the amount of temperature above 0 ° C during the growing season. For
successful acclimatization it should not be less than it was at home conditions. Humboldt paid
attention to other climatic factors of habitats of plants, such as average temperature, humidity,
pressure and air transparency. He believed that these factors would affect the distribution of
92
plants. In this regard, he suggested the vertical and horizontal zonation of vegetation. Humboldt
proposed the method of gradual acclimatization of plants, later called the step acclimatization,
which is moving plants from one climate to another, by growing them at intermediate stations
[7,9,10].
Results and discussion
Evaluation of introduced species on biomorphological parameters of leaf blades
Plants growing in a large city are influenced by many different factors. It is especially
painful for plants to tolerate exposure to man-made factors, an essential condition of civilization.
Conditions of the natural habitat of plants are radically different from those of the city.
The plants which weregrown at the best environments adapt and often survive in extreme
conditions by changing not only the biological and physiological processes, but biological and
morphological parameters, the anatomical structure that is reflected in the change of habitus,
shape and size of the leaf blades, fruit, etc.
The length of the leaf blades The length of the leaf blades is the main parameter which
determines their size and shape. We studied the length of the leaf blades of 13 species of plants
which were growing at three test sites. Research and statistics of materials are given in Tables 1,
2, 3. The value of the error in mean showsrelatively narrow confidence limits, which indicatesa
highly accurate obtained value. The arithmetic means was calculated as a criterion for evaluation
of the entire group of plants.
On the first test site, all plants formed a complete leaf blade except Acer ginnala, on the
second site - all the plants, and the third section - Juglansmandshurica and Saraganaarborescens
did not form leaf blades. Length of the leaf blades ofFraxinus excelsior L., which was planted on
the test sites, varies within the following limits: 1test site - 66.90 mm, 2 test site - 71.27 mm, 3
site - 86.00 mm. Populussimonii had the longest leaves on the first test site - 55.83 mm.
Prunusdivaricata, Salix babilonica, Saraganaarborescens, Populussimonii, Radusaviumare
the leaders on the length of the leaf blades of the first test site.
Ranking the objects of study according to the length of leaves revealed the plants which
had maximum value: Amorphafruticosa, Phellodendronamurense, Gleditsiatriacanthos, Acer
ginnala, Mahoniaaquifolia, Juglansmandshurica, Forsythia xintermedia Zabel . According to the
arithmetic meandata they formed the longest leaves on the second site.
Only one type of test plant has the highest value of the length of the leaves in all three
areas - a Fraxinus excelsior L. The weak development of the parameters of the leaf blades on the
third experimentall site is most likely connected with the relative rigidity of the environment in
this area of research. All three sites are located in the parks, recreation areas; ecofactor complex
and mainly watering had a positive effect on the development and status of the leaf blades, which
is reflected on the length in this case.
Percentage ratio of the number of plants with a maximum length of leaf blades on test site:
1 test site (5 of 12 plants with formed leaves) - 41.67%, 2 test site (7 of 13 plants with formed
leaves) - 53.85%, 3 test site (1 of 11 plants with formed leaves) - 9.09%. Plants which were
planted on the 1 test site (located in the park near the Presidential Park near Palace of Peace and
Reconciliation) and the second test site (located in the park near the shopping and entertainment
center "Khan Shatyr") even by visual inspection showed a better rate.
It is important to mention the differences of maximum and minimum average of leaf length
in Phellodendronamurense between sites. The first site’s leaf length is 75.57 mm, the second’s -
84.23 mm, the length of the leaves of the third portion is 48.63 mm. The range of variation is
observed at the level of 35.60 mm. In Salix babilonica the limit of variability of arithmetic mean
is equal to 38.34 mm, in Forsythia xintermediaZabel - 22,20 mm.
The trait variability scale according to S.A.Mamaeva levels is estimated by the values of
the coefficients of variation and refers to the low, medium and upper level. On the first test site
the medium level of variation is dominated - 6 of 12 cases (one kind of plant has not formed
93
leaves - Acer ginnala). According to the second site results 7 plants have the low level of
variation, 5 plants – the medium level, the upper level - 1 plant. In the third site there were 4
cases of low level variation, 5 cases of medium variation and 2 cases of upper variation of the 11
plants which have formed leaves.
Table 1 – Length and width of the leaf blades of inducted woody plants on the 1 test site
№
Name of woody plant
species
Arithmetic
mean
M±m,
мм
Variabilityi
ndex,
Cy, %
Testaccuracy,
P, %
Limits
min
max
1
Сaraganaarborescens (f.
pendula)
20,80±0,65
10,03 ± 0,26
17,08
14,44
3,12
2,64
14
7
25
13
2
Prunusdivaricata
34,13±1,59
14,87 ± 0,70
25,58
25,86
4,67
4,72
20
10
50
22
3
Amorphafruticosa
22,80±0,91
9,83 ± 0,45
21,85
25,20
3,99
4,60
11
7
30
13
4
Phellodendronamurense
75,57±2,20
32,73±0,70
15,96
11,72
2,91
2,14
60
27
102
40
5
Gleditsiatriacanthos
28,33±1,17
11,57±0,34
22,66
15,89
4,14
2,90
15
8
36
14
6
Salixbabilonica
88,17±4,18
10,77±0,50
25,95
25,34
4,75
4,63
55
8
145
18
7
Acerginnala
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
Мahoniaaquifolia
42,10±0,87
21,70±0,77
11,31
19,52
2,07
3,56
35
15
52,0
30,0
9
Juglansmandshurica
49,20±1,09
25,30±065
12,17
14,15
2,22
2,58
41
19
63,0
32
10 Populussimonii
55,83±2,08
34,00±1,38
20,43
22,23
3,7
4,08
29
21
75
47
11 ForsythiaxintermediaZabel
39,37±1,57
20,50±0,80
21,05
21,29
3,84
3,89
20
10
49
25
12
Рadusavium
59,43±1,63
32,13 ± 0,48
14,93
8,26
2,74
1,51
46
29
74
37
13 Fraxinusexcelsior L.
66,90±1,69
18,43 ± 0,69
13,81
20,38
2,52
3,72
50
14
80
25
Table2 – Length and width of the leaf blades of inducted woody plants on the 2 test site
№
Name of woody plant
species
Arithmetic
mean
M±m,
мм
Variabilityindex,
Cy, %
Testaccuracy,
P, %
Limits
min max
1
Сaraganaarborescens
16,10 ±
0,64
8,37 ± 0,13
21,66
8,44
3,95
1,54
10
7
21
9
2
Prunusdivaricata
33,07 ±
1,20
13,40 ±
0,63
19,92
25,75
3,64
4,70
21
8
43
20
3
Amorphafruticosa
28,63 ±
0,57
10,91
13,31
1,99
2,06
23
9
33
13
94
10,93 ±
0,23
4
Phellodendronamurense
84,23±1,53
35,17±0,83
9,95
12,97
1,82
2,37
73
31
100
45
5
Gleditsiatriacanthos
36,97±1,59
13,43±0,49
23,53
19,95
4,30
3,64
24
10
57
18,0
6
Salixbabilonica
79,27±3,95
9,87±0,42
27,32
23,22
4,99
4,24
50
6
108,0
13
7
Acerginnala
44,70±0,98
39,93±1,07
11,98
14,69
2,19
2,68
37
27
54
47
8
Мahoniaaquifolia
44,53±0,92
27,10±0,75
11,28
15,20
2,06
2,77
37
20
52
34
9
Juglansmandshurica
51,17±1,38
28,40±0,85
14,74
16,43
2,69
3,00
39
15
65
36,0
10
Populussimonii
51,37±1,61
33,00±1,14
17,18
18,91
3,14
3,45
35
20
65
42
11
ForsythiaxintermediaZabel
62,07±2,62
31,57±1,28
23,13
22,26
4,22
4,06
33
9
84
42,0
12
Рadusavium
52,10±0,96
31,93±0,90
10,12
15,45
1,85
2,82
45
25
60
40
13
Fraxinusexcelsior L.
71,27 ±
1,44
21,87±0,87
11,10
21,89
2,03
4,00
58
14
82
36
Table 3 – Length and width of the leaf blades of inducted woody plants on the 3 test site
№ Name of woody plant species
Arithmetic
mean M±m,
мм
Variability
index, Cy,
%
Testaccur
acy, P, %
Limits
min
max
1
Сaraganaarborescens
(f. pendula)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
Prunusdivaricata
30,53 ± 1,10
12,93 ± 0,55
19,79
23,19
3,61
4,23
20
8
39
18
3
Amorphafruticosa
24,03±1,10
9,53 ± 0,45
24,98
25,80
4,56
4,71
15
5
30
16
4
Phellodendronamurense
48,63±2,16
25,70±1,18
24,30
25,10
4,44
4,58
29
16
65
38
5
Gleditsiatriacanthos
22,50 ± 1,06
11,27±0,53
25,83
25,72
4,72
4,70
13
5
31
15
6
Salixbabilonica
49,83 ± 2,37
6,47±0,22
26,03
18,61
4,75
3,40
30
5
66
8
7
Acerginnala
31,77 ± 0,82
25,10±0,73
14,09
15,85
2,57
2,89
25
20
41
33
8
Мahoniaaquifolia
36,47 ± 0,88
18,97±0,55
13,17
15,96
2,40
2,91
29
15
44
24
9
Juglansmandshurica
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
Populussimonii
44,90 ± 1,64
24,37±0,69
19,98
15,55
3,65
2,84
30
17
60
30
95
11
ForsythiaxintermediaZabel
61,57 ± 0,96
33,17±1,31
8,57
21,60
1,56
3,94
53
27
70
59
12
Рadusavium
53,90 ± 2,15
30,23±1,43
21,82
25,90
3,98
4,73
32
15
70
41
13
Fraxinusexcelsior L.
86,00 ± 1,60
30,73±0,46
10,17
8,23
1,86
1,50
73
25
104
35
Accuracy of the experiment, which shows the correct formulation and implementation of
research in all cases, is within an acceptable range and does not exceed 5%. Maximum and
minimum limits, which are the limits can vary within wide range, determines the data indicated
in the tables of arithmetic means of 13 kinds of plants.
The width of the leaves. As well as the length, width of the leaves is the main parameter
that creates the appearance of plants, reflecting in its shape and area (Table 1, 2, 3). Leaf width
determines its elasticity and promotes opposition to external influence of the nature. During the
dry season the leaves of some plants fold their edges, thereby reducing the exposure to the sun
and minimizing the rate of evaporation while increasing water-holding capacity. The width of
the leaves is a regulatory mechanism and has great practical significance.
Depending on the site the width leaves of Prunusdivaricata varies within the following
limits: 1 site - 14.87 mm, 2 site - 13.40 mm, 3 site - 12.93 mm. Fraxinus excelsior L. has the
widest leaves formed on the third section - 30.73 mm.
Leading positionsaccording to the length of the leaf blades of the first test siteare occupied
by Saraganaarborescens, Prunusdivaricata, Salix babilonica, Populussimonii, Radusavium.
The highest values of the arithmetic means of the width of the second site of leaves belong
toAmorphafruticosa, Phellodendronamurense, Gleditsiatriacanthos, Acer ginnala,
Mahoniaaquifolia, Juglansmandshurica.
In the third site, only two species, a Fraxinus excelsior L. and Forsythia xintermediaZabel,
have a predominance of the width of the leaf blade.
Percentage ratio of the number of plants with a maximum length of leaf blades on the first
site is 38.47%, in the second site - 46.16%, and the third site - 18.19%.
The average level of variation coefficients dominates on the first and third sitesin 8
cases.The width of the leaf blades of the studied plants have a low, medium and upper level of
variability, measured by the values of the variation coefficients according to the scale of
variability. On the first site the medium level of variationis 5 cases out of 12, a low level - 4
cases out of 12, an upper level is 3 out of 12 cases (Acer ginnala has not formed leaves).
According to the second site results 5 plants have the low level of variability, 8 plants -
theaverage level, and no plants have an upper level. In the third site, 2 types of experimental
plants did not form leaves (Saraganaarborescens, Juglansmandshurica), 1 case with low level of
variation, 8 cases of medium variation and 3 cases of upper variation. Limits vary widely.
Accuracy of the experiment in all cases is less than 5% level, which indicates the high
accuracy of the experiments.
From the tables and visual observations we can say that the subjects are characterized by
linear parameters of the leaf blades. The wide range of studied plants is characterized by a high
degree of environmental heterogeneity. Differences were found in all areas which are mostly
characterized as significant within the same type ofplanting. However, significant differences
were found among species growing on different sites. Relatively favorable conditions for
planting in the park area, which is protected from the negative effects of transport and other
human impact, had a positive effect on the growth and development of plants, in general, and on
the change in individual organs, in particular.
Conclusion
The following conclusionscan be made based on performed studies:
96
1. Analysis of the current range of Astana woody plants and forest nursery JSC “Astana
Zelenstroy” indicates lack of species diversity. The identified lack admits introduction events in
Astana. Based on the study of biological characteristics of woody and shrubby
plants,anassortment of 50 woody species can be used in landscaping Astana was formed.
2. Test landings of 13 of 50 species of woody plant introductionswereconductedin Astana.
Plants imported from the JSC “Forest Nursery”ofAlmaty region located 53 km east of Almaty.
Pilot group of plantswas planted on three experimental sites:
Сaragana arborescens (f. pendula);
Prunus divaricate; Amorpha fruticosa; Phellodendron amurense;Gleditsia triacanthos; Salix
babilonica; Acer ginnala; Мahonia aquifolia; Juglans mandshurica; Рopulus simonii; Forsythia
x intermedia Z
abel; Рadus avium; Fraxinus excelsior L.
The separation of plants for three sites will allow for further full comparative observations
of introduced plants growth and development.
The greatest impact of the complex environmental factors were felt by plants of the third
test site, which are reflected in the linear parameters of the studied plants.
Thus, we can conclude that the plants which were planted in the environmental sections
produce the leaf blades differentiated by the linear parameters. Considering the uniformity of the
studied plants we can say that the identified differences in the experiments are strongly
influenced by environmental conditions.
References
1.
S.A.Sergeichik. Plants and Ecology. - Minsk :Uradzhay, 1997. – p.224. (inBelarus).
2.
V.S.Nicholaevsky.Biological basis of plants gas resistance. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1979.
–p.278.(in Russian).
3.
V.P. Semakin. Clonal selection in gardening. - Moscow: Kolos, 1968. –p.136. (in
Russian).
4.
I.G. Vazhenin. Guidelines for the study of dispersal principles for emissions in the
vicinity of industrial enterprises// V.V. Dokucheva Soil Institute. –Moscow, 1987. (in Russian).
5.
GOST (State Standards) 17.4.1.02-83. Environment protection.Soils.Classification of
chemicals for pollution control. (in Russian).
6.
The sanitary - epidemiological rules and regulations “Hygienic requirements to the
safety and mcg/gnutritional value of foods. SanPin 2.3.2.1078-01”, 2002. (in Russian).
7.
Atomic absorption spectrophotometer AA - 7000 “Shimadzu”. “Shimadzu” corporation,
2008. - 1-5pp. (in Russian).
8.
Method of metals determination in plants//FedorovskyAll-Union Scientific Research
Institute of Mineral Raw Materials. (AIMRM). - Moscow , 1991. (in Russian).
9.
Wilcox M.D. Selection of genetically superior Eucalyptus regnas using family tests. //
N.Z.J. Forest. Sci., 1982, vol. 12, N3, pp. 480-493.
10.
Clausen K.E. Nonlinear regressions and contour plots:technigues for selection and
transfer of white ash provenances // Forest. Sci., 1984, vol. 30, N2,pp.441-453.
Абжанов Т.С., Кентбаева Б.А.
АСТАНА ҚАЛАСЫНДАҒЫ ИНТРОДУЦИЯЛАНҒАН АҒАШТАРДА АУЫР
МЕТАЛДАРДЫҢ ЖИНАҚТАЛУЫН АНЫҚТАУ
Интродукция - бұл ағаш және бұталы өсімдіктерді бұрын өспеген жаңа аумақтарға
көшіріп отырғызу, сол арқылы аймақтың өсімдік флорасы аясын кеңейтіп, жаңа өсімдік
түрлерінің ассортиментімен толықтыру.
Кілт сөздер: ауыр металл, сары қараған, интродукцент.
97
Т.С. Абжанов, Б.А. Кентбаева
ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ В ИНТРОДУЦИРОВАННЫХ
ДРЕВОСТОЯХ ГОРОДА АСТАНЫ
Интродукция - это перенесение растений из одних районов в другие, где они
отсутствовали, с применением методов воздействия на их природу.
Ключевые слова: тяжелых металл, акация желтая, интродукцент.
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