Жусупова А. М, Абдрахманова А. С. – студенты 1курса, специальность «Финансы»
АО «Финансовая академия», г. Астана
amina-zhusupova@mail.ru, abdrakhmanovaaruzhan@gmail.com
Научный руководитель: Кучербаева Д.К., магистр, преподаватель
THE SEQUENCE OF MOBILE PHONE CALLS OPENINGS IN THE STUDENTS’
CONVERSATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF KAZAKHSTAN
Mobile conversations have been the object of a significant amount of cross-cultural and
intercultural practical study. The first research in this area dates back to Schegloff’s analysis [1]
of mobile calls openings in the United States. This and much of following studies was carried
out within the Conversation Analysis paradigm, which means careful research of the details of
interactions in order to uncover how social order is created and reproduced in everyday life. The
fundamental analytic units are moves and sequences, with the help of conversation is seen as a
social activity in which interlocutors produce actions in a highly coordinated form.
In this paper we will report on the studies analyzedmobile conversations in the context of
Arabic, Chinese, Greek, English, German, Finn and Anglo-American communities. Also we
present the data analysis on theinformal 10 mobile conversations’ openings made by students in
Astana, Kazakhstan. As soon as the informed consents were obtained, the mobile conversations
were audio-recorded. As the data was gathered, themobile phone calls’ analysis was made with the
application of conversational analysis method. Thus, the peculiarities of the mobile conversations
openings were elicited and the appropriate implications were drawn.
Mobile conversation is the main process or activity used as means of sending and receiving
information. According to Newman and Summer “communication is the exchange of information,
ideas, opinions and facts” [2].According to Schegloff’s study on American mobile conversations
the typical pattern of opening sequences consists of the following adjacency pairs (Figure 1.):
Figure 1.Schegloff’s model for mobile openings sequence[1].
These four sequences have been used as a basic ‘template’[3] for describing mobile call openings
in a number of studies. However, other researchers have proposed different developments of this
initial model [3]. In fact, the telephone opening sequences could vary regarding to the cultural
peculiarities of different communities. For instance, Finnish people are more concise in their
telephone talk in comparison with Americans [4]. Mobile phone conversations start with opening
part that includes name, greeting, limited answer “How are you?” non-topical-extended answer to
“How are you?”. As a result of the analysis [4] the following should be pointed out: firstly, Finnish
starts their conversation by asking about family, relatives, and children (if they have), work etc.
Secondly, they smoothly move from “How are you?” sequence to the topic initiation.Thirdly,
Finnish start telephone conversations with their self-presentation.Thus, the analyzed Finnish calls
begun with a self-identification as an answer to a summon. The caller mainly reciprocated with the
answer by identifying her/himself, unless the caller performed an intimacy work by allowing the
answerer to recognize her/him by voice [5].However, self-identifications as answers are mainly
used when the caller is not known or the number is blocked.
According to “Greek vs English” mobile conversations analysis, answerers are expected to
speak first in both cultures [6]. Greek answerers have a greater variety of linguistic options such as
‘leyete’ (say, speek), ‘parakalo’ (please), ‘oriste’ (what do you want), ‘ne’ or ‘malista’ (both ‘yes’)
in comparison with English people. In England ‘hallo’ is used more often whereas ‘yes’ is seldom
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employed. Also they usually use their mobile numbers and their last namesfor answeringcalls,
for example ‘546354’ or ‘Miss Atsali speaking’. In contrast, Greek will never answer the mobile
by saying their numbers or giving their names. Sifianou’s work found that Greek use mobile
conversations for social co-operation, while English people use mobile calls with certain aim to
give or take information.
In terms of the Arabic mobile conversations analysis by Eman Saadah [7] on cross-cultural
peculiarities it is worth mentioning that Arabic mobile conversations are commonly started with
‘allo’ (hello). In Eman Saadah it is reported that many of mobile conversations start with Islamic
greeting “essalaamusalaykum” (“peace be upon you”) [7].Moreover, “How is you?” sequence in
Arabic mobile conversations is usedin more than one situation. Firstly, they employ this sequence
to ask if this is a good time to proceed further with the call. Secondly, it is almost identical to the
previous function but with more inquires on physical well-being, latest news and other family issues.
With regard to the analysis on the formal mobile conversation openings at the workplaces in the
context of Kazakh community in Kucherbayeva [8] it was argued that there were a greater variety
of answers to a summon both in Kazakh and Russian discourses, such as “Da” (Yes), “Slushayu”
(I’m listening) in Russian, “Iya” (Yes), “Tyndapturmyn” (I am listening) in Kazakh. The answer
for summon as “Allo” (Hello) is used in both languagesequally. Moreover,it is seen that in Kazakh
community people almost never answer the mobile call by saying their phone numbers. Although
it is possible to produce their last names, especially in formal calls.
The current data analysis for this paper consist of 10 students informal mobile conversations
made by the students of some universities in Astana (the Academy of Finance, Eurasian National
University, Agro-Technical University etc.). All the recorded mobile conversations weremade
within 2-weeks period of time in April,2016. The data analysis based on Sсhegloff’s framework
and conversational analysis method [1].
Upon the analysis it is suggested thatin different countries and as well as in Kazakhstan telephone
rings are perceived as summons for answerers to receive mobile calls.The certain data analysis
represent “Allo” (Hello) by far the most common answer to the summons (6 out of 10), whereas
“Da” (Yes) appears only 3 times in the analyzed conversations. Despite the strong preference for
the “Allo” (Hello) answer over the “Da” (Yes) in the current analyzed conversations, it is suggested
that a choice is moredependent on a particular answerer’s mood at the moment of answering the
phone.Consider the following Example (1) below:
Example 1:
It is seen that in the Example (2) it is illustrated that the answers to the summons provide voice
samples for recognition.It is obvious for the callers to know to whom they are saying, so they use
Schegloff’s Recognition sequence without self-identifying themselves.
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Example 2:
It could be argued that in following example (3) on the students’ conversations ‘How-are-you?’
sequence is rarely used, namely only in 3 out of 10 recorded mobile conversations. Thus, it is seen
that the ‘how-are-you’ sequence in mobile openings is skipped for the purpose of establishing the
anchor position.
Example 3:
To conclude, it could be implies that there is almost no need for self-identification sequence in
the mobile phone conversation since it is clear who is making a call due to the saved contact lists
in the phones. Moreover, it should be noted that the sequence of the beginning of the analyzed
conversation in the context Kazakhstan is similar to the beginning of Finn conversation. The
present results on the strong preference for recognition over self-identification are in line with the
previous research done in this sociolinguistic context [8]. According to the analyzed data ‘how-
are-you’ sequence of students’ mobile conversations might be used by the caller. Also students’
employ it just for greeting before the conversation topic. Moreover, it is suggested that the core
sequences of the mobile openings of Schegloff’s structure are present at the mobile openings of
students’ in Kazakhstan.
References:
1. Schegloff, E. (1968) Sequencing in conversational openings. American Anthropology, 70,
1075-1095.
2. Newman and Summer. Final assignment. – WordPress, 1977. – http:www.wordpress.com
Accessed 14/04/2016
3. Robert Hopper, (1992) Telephone Conversation. Indiana Press University
4. Halmari, H. (1993). Intercultural business telephone conversations: a case of Finns vs. Anglo-
Americans. Applied Linguistics, 14: 408-430.
5. Hakulinen, 1993. “The grammar of opening routines”. Yearbook of the Linguistic Association
of Finland, 15, 149-170
6. Maria Sifianou, 1989. On the telephone again! Differences in the telephone behaviour:
England versus Greece. Language in Society, 18(4), 527-544.
7. Saadah, E. (2009). The ‘how are you?’ sequence in telephone openings in Arabic.Studies in
the Linguistic Sciences: Illinois Working Papers, 171-186.
8. Kucherbayeva, D. (2015) “Sequence of telephone openings at workplaces in Kazakh
community”, unpublished MSc paper on Discourse Analysis. The University of Edinburgh.
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Изенбай Д. А. – студент, специальность «Учет аудит »
АО «Финансовая академия», г.Астана
Dariga-vip@mail.ru
Научный руководитель: к.э.н. Асель Казкеновна
TOURISM IS A WAY TO THE WORLD AND CIVILIZATIONS
Tourism is an important source of income for many countries. Nowadays, it is considered an
industry. The industry of tourism is a respective complex which includes many branches, engaged
progress of tourism and creating conditions for travel and rest. In other words the industry of
tourism makes a tourist product which is demanded both on external, and in a home market.
Tourism plays a major role in the global economy.
Recently interest to Kazakhstan as to a tourist direction, significantly has increased all over the
world, and accordingly, from year to year increases a spectrum of the tourist services provided by
local tour operators for attraction a lot of travelers. Most of them are the tourists from Germany,
Japan, Korea, and China.
Today’s existing types of tourism in Kazakhstan authentic cultural tourism, nature – based
activities, including ecotourism, bird watching, fishing etc. in national parks and protected areas,
mountaineering, water sports, swimming in lakes and rivers of Kazakhstan, and many others.
Furthermore for tourists has created a number of routes of travel on all territory of Kazakhstan.
The industry of tourism in Republic Kazakhstan at the state level is recognized by one of
priority branches of economy. In realization of positions industrially – innovative progress of
economy of Kazakhstan the leading part belongs to domestic system. A special place among them
is the tourism industry. Recent study of modern trends show that tourists who are used to have
vacation in the most famous resorts have begun to choose the country where the tourist industry is
only developing. Kazakhstan is among them.
The main purpose of the progress of tourism in Kazakhstan is the creation of modern highly
effective and competitive tourist complex. Based on this will be created conditions for the progress
of the industry as a sector of the economy and integration into the world tourism market and the
progress of further international cooperation in the industry of tourism.
According to the analysis of the number of travel agencies from 2002 to 2016 it can be said
that their number increased by 395 units, accounting for 39%. Drawing attention to the statistics,
it is clear that the number of tourist companies increasing from year to year but not so active, that
has a positive effect on the high quality of services. This really shows that tourism in Kazakhstan,
slowly but surely growing up. Kazakhstan could become one of the favorite tourist destinations in
the future. Many foreigners love our country.
Tourists come for new experiences and discover something new. Nowadays in Europe or the
nature and human. This negatively affects the eco – tourism. Here urbanization has yet become
widespread. Now in Kazakhstan are developing external and domestic tourism.
The advantages of tourism includes employment opportunity, growth of service sector, foreign
exchange earnings, opportunity for recreation, economic growth, cultural exchange, better
international relations, enjoyment, better health and wellness. Domestic tourism also carries out
educational goal, promotes the of patriotism and pride of its citizens.
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According to the Norwegian polar explorer Inge Solheim traveler in Almaty and the surrounding
area there are opportunities for the development of both traditional tourism, and its extreme
varieties. “Here I discovered the canyons, rivers. Snow – capped mountains, deserts and small
lakes. And all this is almost within walking distance, allowing you to talk about Almaty as one
of the most unique places on the planet. I believe that foreign tourists are poorly informed about
the local beauty and this situation needs to be corrected.” – said the Norwegian. According to
Solheim. Almaty has a high potential for tourism. “Part of my time I dedicate extreme tourism.
Accompanying its customers, friends and associates in different parts of the world, such as North
and South poles and the Himalayas. Otherwise, I try to organize the traditional expedition, and
Almaty, will certainly be one of those places where I was lucky to travel, “– he emphasized.
Norwegian explorer said that the neighbors in the region do not stand still, and in the struggle to
attract tourists from abroad are quite active. “Now in Central Asia offers quite a variety of options
for tourists. For example. For history buffs there are routs related to the Silk Road, where objects
of historical heritage referred to in the territory of Kazakhstan ” , – he said. In turn Chidzhi Marcus
said that Almaty has all the conditions for the establishment of a regional tourist destination.
Especially considering the beauty of Kazakhstan nature, the hospitality of the people in the near
future Kazakhstan will become a favorite destination for tourists from different countries! The
road to peace and civilization of Kazakhstan – is through the improvement of tourism!
Reference:
1. Квартальнов В.А., Туризм. – 2001 г.
2. Григорьева Е., “ Петроглифы Танбалы. ( Тамгалы )”
3. Накипова Г.Е. Современное состояние и развитие отечественного туризма в условиях
мирового кризиса. – Караганда, 2009 г.
4. Концепция развития туризма в Республике Казахстан. О развитии туризма как доход-
ной отрасли экономики в Республике. – Алматы, 2001 г.
5. Концепция развития туризма в Республике Казахстан. – Алматы, 2001 г.
Мадикенова Ф.К. – студент, специальность «Экономика»
АО «Финансовая Академия», г.Астана madikenova_fatima@bk.ru
Научный руководитель: Кучербаева Д.К., магистр, преподаватель
BILINGUALISM ISSUE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN:
HISTORICAL PROSPECTIVE
In the modern world bilingualism is a wide-spread phenomenon. More than 50% people all
over the world in the countries such as Canada, the Russian Federation, India etc. speak two or
more languages. In this regard the Republic of Kazakhstan is not an exception: people in Kazakh
community speak both Kazakh and Russian languages. In the Constitution of the Republic of
Kazakhstan 1995, Kazakh language was declared to be an official language of the country, whereas
the status of Russian language is stated as follows “in state organizations and local administration
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bodies, Russian language is officially used on a par with Kazakh language” (Article 7). It is
interestingly, however, as it is stated in Muhamedowa [1] nowadays “bilingualism has become
a discourse mode that characterizes colloquial language use of bilingual Kazakhs from different
educational background”. This paper aims to report on the issues of the bilingualism in the Republic
of Kazakhstan from the historical prospective.
In fact, the process of Kazakh-Russian language contact could be divided into three stages at
the theoretical level, namely:
– Kazakh-Russian early language contact in the early the 18th century;
– Kazakh and Russian language use in the Soviet period;
– The bilingualism issues in the Post-Soviet Kazakhstan.
With regard to the early Kazakh-Russian language contact, it should be mentioning that the
starting point dated back to the early 18th century, when the Kazakhs from the current area of West
Kazakhstan were provided with the military protection by the Russian Empire form the Zhungar
tribes. Thus, in 1717 Abulkhair khan (the leader of the Small Horde) asked for a military protection
from the Zhungars.It was the beginning of the inclusion Kazakh tribes into the Russian Empire.Since
the Kazakh lands were integrated into the Russian Empire gradually, a number of the administrative
reforms within the Kazakh territory were taken by the Russian Government, namely the reform of the
migration to Kazakhstan. Thus, two major waves of migrants caused a dramatic increase of Slavic
populations in the Kazakh steppe: the first took place after the appearance of the Law on Voluntarily
Relocation of Rural Citizens to State Lands (1863) and the second during Stolypin’s Agrarian Reform
(1906-1917) [2].By a new law in 1870 teaching Russian language became obligatory in the Kazakh
schools (mekteb), at the same time those schools, where Russian language was not taught, were forced
to terminate their teaching activities [3].The Russian government implemented actively a policy of
russification. There is evidence of it: in 1850 a number of schools were opened in Orenburg, where
Kazakhs had to be taught in Russian. Moreover, among the Kazakhs there was a Russian-educated
Kazakh elite, proponents of the Russian education such as Shokan Valikhanov (1835-1865), Abai
Kunanbayev (1845-1904) who believed that learning Russian language would open “an access to a
modern, European-style education”[4].
It might be suggested that the second stage of the Russian-Kazakh language contact started
alongside the formation of the Soviet Union. In 1921 the Soviet Union introduced a policy of
indigenization (korenizatsiya) based on “a comprehensive set of ethnicity-based preferences (…)
to enable non-Russian ethnic groups to reach the same level of political, economic, cultural and
educational development attained by Russians” [5].The implementation of this policy played an
important role in political status of Kazakh language. Since 1923 all documentation were translated
into Kazakh language; the number of Kazakh representatives in the government administration
was grown; the Latin script was introduced and the active promotion of education in Kazakh was
launched. However, despite the educational advancements, in 1937-1938 the mass repressions took
place. Later on in 1938, the teaching of Russian in all non-Russian schools was declared obligatory
[6]. In 1955, obligatory teaching of Kazakh as a subject in Russian schools was terminated [6].
But in 1957 teaching Kazakh in classes where studied at least 10 Kazakhs were permitted. The
1958-1959 educational reform have radical changed the position of Kazakh language, weakening
its status. Moreover, the environment was not conducive enough to acquire native language.
However, as the Republic of Kazakhstan declared its Independency, the status of Kazakh language
was changed into state language of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Since the majority of people were
Russian-speaking, Russian language obtained a status of an official language, functioning as a
language of intercultural communication. It should be noted that the language police of our country
based on multinational perspective. However, as to institutionalize the use of Kazakh language, all
government documents were translated into the Kazakh language from 2004 onwards.
0n the 20th of August, 2007 on the 13th session of Assembly of Nation of Kazakhstan our
president N.A. Nazarbayev proposed: “We must apply our energies to develop the Kazakh
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language, and it is the most important factor of consolidation all Kazakhstani people. At the same
time we have to create better conditions to develop languages and cultures of other nations, living
in Kazakhstan [7]. Thus, it could become possible thanks to the functioning of the Assembly of
Nations of Kazakhstan, where all representatives of the nations could join. Moreover, the Assembly
supports all languages and cultures that are spoken and maintained in Kazakhstan.
To sum up the mentioned facts, this paper described the historical prospective of bilingualism
issue in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
References:
Muhamedowa, R. (2009). The use of Russian conjunctions in the speech of bilingual Kazakhs.
International Journal Of Bilingualism, (3), 331.
Smagulova J. (2008) Language Policies of Kazakhization and Their Influence on Language
Attitudes and Use – International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism.
Masyukova, G. [Масюкова Г.] (ed.) (2014)История Казахстана: учебно-методическое по-
собие[The History of Kazakhstan: text book]. Astana: Integral.
Kucherbayeva, D. (2015) Instrumental vs Symbolic dimensions in Language shift. Unpublished
MSc dissertation in Applied Linguistics. The University of Edinburgh
Dave, B. (1996). Politics of language revival: National identity and state building in Kazakhstan.
Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University.
Suleimenova, E. [Сулейменова, Э.] (ed.) (1997) Языковая политика в Казахстане (1921-
1997): Сборник документов [Language Policy in Kazakhstan (1921-1997): Collection of
Documents]. Almaty: Qazaq University.
Speech of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev at the XVII
session at the Assembly of the Nations of Kazakhstan [Выступление Президента Республики
Казахстан Н. А. Назарбаева на XIII сессии Ассамблеи Народов Казахстана – Номад, Казах-
стан] (2007) – Astana, Kazakhstan
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