168 Бортников Лингвистический анализ Обложка cdr
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Part 1 THE NOTION OF TEXT AND HOW TO ANALYZE IT 1.1. The Notion of Text Text is the highest unit in the system of language. However, if we consider the difference between language and speech, we should under- stand any text as a speech unit. The problem here, which still has no distinct answer, is whether there is a corresponding language unit or not: ? Model of sentence Word (Lexeme) Morpheme Phoneme Level Language Speech 5 4 3 2 1 Text Sentence (Utterance) Word (Lexical and semantic variant) Morph Sound The idea of the distinction on the first four levels is more or less clear. One phoneme can have several sound variants 1 in the speech (consider variation of <о> in Russian молоко , variation of [æ]/[ə ] in English exam / examination ). A morpheme can as well appear in different variants 2 : cf. [swi:d-]/[swed-] in Sweden , Swede / Swedish or sound-and-letter changes in poor / poverty , Norway / Norwegian etc. One word can come in different meanings 3 – here, polysemantic words ( make , put , thing ) and homonyms give numerous examples. In all these situations, we deal with the correspondence 1 These variants are called allophones (if we consider their relations to each other). 2 These variants are called allomorphs (if we consider their relations to each other). 3 These variants are rarely called allolexes (if we consider their relations to each other). 7 of something abstract, stored in our mind (that is, in language) and something concrete, used in everyday communication (in speech). Now, a linguist thinks, we communicate by means of the sentences. A possible number of sentences composed of 150 000 Russian words planned to be included in БАС ( Bolshoi Akademicheskii Slovar ), some 400 000 dialect units not taken into account, or of 600 000 English words represented in the Oxford English Dictionary, including dialects and other non-literary forms, is astronomic, taking into account that the length of a sentence can be different. Obviously, a human cannot memorize all the sentences possible. Do we have any abstract idea of the sentence? The answer lies in the m o d e l s representing sentence structures. These models are distinguished differently in works of different grammarians. The number of models of a Russian sentence varies from five (G. A. Zolotova) to seventy or eighty (S. A. Kiselev), in English – from two (R. B. Lees) or three (Ch. Fries) to fifty-one (A. S. Hornby). With the help of one model, for example N 1 – V f in Russian or SV in English, a hardly countable number of sentences can be created (cf. Ученик пишет. Дети учатся. The team went away. The child laughed ) 4 . And the text? Do we pronounce the texts from our mind? The positive answer is hardly believable. Whatever functional style we take (scientific, documentary, publicistic, colloquial, fiction, religious), the texts are c o m p o s e d, but not taken ready. Even if there are certain ready samples (a written lecture, an application form, a poem learnt by heart, a prayer), before the process of their creation – that is, before their first time being written – they were not just taken from their author’s mind, they were composed of sentences and supra-phrasal units (unities). Therefore, it is very difficult to imagine a language analogue to the speech unit of the text. жүктеу/скачать 6,13 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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