168 Бортников Лингвистический анализ Обложка cdr
particularly a word, to a specific group according to its meaning
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particularly a word, to a specific group according to its meaning. Exercise 7. In what way are these three approaches connected? How can they be applied for text analysis? Within these three approaches, the aforementioned eight methods can be used. The h y p o t h e t i c m e t h o d implies making some suggestion or presupposition to be checked during the analysis. Putting forward a hypothesis is not a purely linguistic method; it rather refers to generally scientific methods. When making a text analysis, we first read the text and somehow formulate its theme and idea. This is our hypothesis, which is further checked during the analysis. The s t a t i s t i c a l m e t h o d, as well as the hypothetic one belonging not only to linguistics, comes to use when something counted in language or in a text shows certain dynamics. Statistics is able to tell whether the author’s style has changed from his earliest works to his later ones, whether new words borrowed from English threaten the Russian language, and whether this or that translation is well-prepared. Attributing a text to a certain author also refers to a great extent to this very method. The o p p o s i t i o n a l m e t h o d, worked out by the Prague school according to the phonemes, proved to be very useful in its application to other levels of language. The binary (privative) oppositions can distinguish a number of morphemes ( satisfactory – dissatisfactory ) and makes it possible to draw models on a lot of grammatical categories (singular – plural, present – past, etc.). In such an opposition, one member is non-marked, whereas the other one is marked (cf. window – windows , work – worked ). A good example of binary-opposed lexical meanings can be found in any contrary antonyms ( life – death ). 16 The equipollent oppositions are distinguished in the situations where both members are marked. Here, the word formula has two possible plural forms in English: formulae and formulas . The oppositions formula – formulae and formula – formulas are binary (privative), whereas the opposition formulae – formulas is equipollent. In lexicology this kind of oppositions is found, for example, when a word develops both a metaphoric and a metonymic meaning. The gradual oppositions, forming a scale, are as well distinguished in grammar ( strong – stronger – the strongest ). One can here remember a scale of tenses (tense-aspect forms) or a scale of modal verbs. A gradual opposition of lexical meanings is a basis for the stylistic device of gradation: They looked at hundreds of houses ; they climbed thousands of stairs ; they inspected innumerable kitchens (Maugham). The d i s t r i b u t i v e and v a l e n c y a n a l y s e s aim at finding some invariant formula, or a model for combining one unit of language to others. Here refer the well-known models “make smb. do smth.” or “let smb. do smth.”, widely used in teaching practice. When finding out the valency of a certain linguistic unit, however, we count its combinability with all the possible elements at the same level of language. Verb valency, for example, is counted according to its obligatory partners (which make the sentence completed). Therefore, one can find: – zero-valent (avalent, impersonal) verbs with “technical” subjects it , there in English and no subject at all in Russian: жүктеу/скачать 6,13 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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