168 Бортников Лингвистический анализ Обложка cdr
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| It is freezing. There
is frost – Морозит ; – monovalent (intransitive) verbs: I Peter fell down. I The sun has set ; – divalent, or transitive verbs: I I bought some II milk. Did I you see II it? ; – trivalent (ditransitive) verbs: Could I you pass II me III the salt , please? ; – quadrivalent (tritransitive) verbs: I I bet II him III five quid IV on the “Daily Arabian” ; I Saint Jerome translated II the Old Testament III from Greek IV into Latin . The last four types mentioned can as well be found in Russian in the same semantic groups of verbs. 17 The c o n t e x t u a l m e t h o d is to some extent the lexical reflection of the valency analysis in grammar. When analysing a context, we distinguish a micro-context and a macro-one. The macro-context being the whole text, the micro-context is generally understood as one syntagma (phrase, sentence), wherein the analysed element occurs. The element being the nucleus of the context, all its closest contextual partners come to be a qualifiers (refiners) nod 7 . The c o m p o n e n t i a l m e t h o d of analysis is realized via IC’s analysis in morphemics and morphology, semantic componential analysis in lexicology, and member-of-sentence division in syntax. For all of its stages, the oppositional approach is to be taken into account. Finally, the m a c h i n e r y m e t h o d, or rather g r o u p o f c o m p u t e r m e t h o d s of analysis, is even difficult to be enumerated and listed. Perhaps, the most relevant here would be the following groups of methods: automatic text processing and corpus language studies, methods of automatic (machinery) translation, methods of making electronic dictionaries and databases. One more idea to be discussed here is the l o g i c a l a p p r o a c h. Each text has certain pre-text, which includes important conditions for the text to be true. Such conditions are called presuppositions . Thus, for the joke What’s the best thing about Switzerland? – I don’t know , but the flag is a big plus , the presupposition is that there exist two speakers and at least one country known by both as Switzerland, which has a flag. One more presupposition is that the second speaker knows only about the flag of this country, and probably nothing more. The text implications are logical consequences of the text. The joke given above implies that the flag has a form of a plus and this is positively perceived by the second speaker. The contamination of these two ideas bears the funny effect of the joke. Exercise 8. Give your ideas on the applicability of each of these methods to the text analysis. 7 T he correspondin g terms in Russian are «ядро контекста» and «уз ел уточнителей». |