Атты студенттердің IV жоо аралық дәстүрлі ғылыми конференциясының ЕҢбектері
жүктеу/скачать 15,88 Mb. Pdf көрінісі
|
- Бұл бет үшін навигация:
- MULTI-VECTOR FOREIGN POLICY OF KAZAKHSTAN: SUCCESSES AND FAILURES ZhanarZhamalbek
- “Multi-vector diplomacy” doctrine
- Kazakhstan and the Muslim World
- Kazakhstan-US relations
- Foreign Direct Investments and trade partners
- SECURITY CHALLENGES IN CENTRAL ASIA AND COPING STRATEGIES Yesbol Urumbayev
B- Strategies of ISIS ISIS’ leadership implemented hard management styles and were driven by launching spectacular and provocative attacks rather than focusing on building an organization or establishing ground for sustainability. Al – Baghdadi’s first mission was to put ISIS back on tracks, and he largely succeeded accomplishing this objective by building a hierarchical centralized but flexible organization. Also, he adopted pragmatic alliance strategy integrating old commanders and other Jihadi groups within ISIS ranks, creating a Military Council orchestrating the organization military operations and a Security and Intelligence Council protecting its best interests. They arrange regular meetings as platforms for social indoctrination. During their brief presence in Aleppo, ISIS has multiplied in that meetings, and allocated many resources to ensure that big masses attend. Even though ISIS relies on young recruits to fight, its primary target is the children, and it uses dawah meetings and other forms of social gathering to attract them and their parents. Another strategy, unlike the Free Syrian Army, ISIS is not primarily concerned with toppling the regime; rather, it is mainly focusing on consolidating its power. Second, ISIS adopted a hold – then – expand strategy; they rarely attack a new territory before securing newly acquired lands. Finally, ISIS has distinguished itself in its outreach to Syrian populations and Worldwide Jihadists by employing social media with remarkable effectives. ISIS virtually employs thousands of sympathizers over the Internet, speaking of its victories, propagating its ideological teachings, and broadcasting brutal images and footage of its bloody conquests. Many of ISIS opponents surrendered or fled out of fear, anti and pro – regime forces alike. ISIS does not only exercise terror, it uses terror to limit its investment too.
ISIS is one of the salafih terrorist organisations. But it’s different from the normal salafihs. Its difference of normal salafihs; ISIS is believing to set up an Islamic State for the Jihad. Normal salafihs are believing ton o need to set up an Islamic State. Jihad is in everywhere. So; ISIS is fighting for an Islamic State and hegemony in that region. This situation is the reason of a lot of security problems. Firstly; the anarchic region is occured in the middle east. ISIS is cutting the heads in everywhere and everytime. In addition to; they are sharing on the internet theirs massacres. The second; ISIS region is including the petrol lands and near the another petrol lands. This situation is threating the interests of the regional states. Also, a lot of innocent people are being killed in that region.
This event is belong to Arabic people. It’s some kind of Arab traditions. In Battle of Badr, while the Islam was arising, Amr ibn Hişam was hurted by the Muslims. When he was liying on the sands, he was saying to cut his head in deep. On the other hand, this situation is the reason of psycologic effects.
Although ISIS strongly relies on its financial capacity to support its governance strategy and military expansion, it is its worldwide vision and propaganda is its most valuable asset. In order to rid ISIS from its persuasion power, the international community needs to firmly act against Assad’s regime, and heavily sanction and limit Shia transnational groups’ mobility.
223
The military groups that are not affiliated with Al – Qaeda must be empowered and strengthening civil society will present alternatives to local people. Finally, Change can only come through supporting a solid national alternative that the people recognizes as a legitimate protector of their inspirations, and through which genuine and profound political reform can be established. As a result, we can say that, the Middle East were witness a lot of war and bloods. Even if the God always sent it’s prophets to this region. The war is peer with the history in the Middle East. According to us, this blood never won’t finish.
http://www.sozcu.com.tr/2014/dunya/10-soruda-isid-nedir-isid-ne-demek-529698/
http://www.gundeminabzi.com/dunya/bir-gizli-orgut-isid-kimdir-amaci-nedir-h2234.html
WOOD Greame
– What
is the
ISIS Really
Wants ? - http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/
LISTER
Tim – ISIS: The first terror group to build an Islamıc State ? - http://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/12/world/meast/who-is-the-isis/
TARAKÇI Nejat – Işid Stratejisinin Siyasi Hedefi Nedir? - http://www.tasam.org/tr- TR/Icerik/5395/isid_stratejisinin_siyasi_hedefi_nedir
http://www.globalresearch.ca/who-is-abu-musab-al-zarqawi-from-al-zarqawi-to-al-bagdahdi-the- islamic-state-is-a-cia-mossad-mi6-intelligence-asset/5391731
http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/493
УДК 32:001.12/18
From the very beginning of the 1990s Kazakhstan’s foreign policy was challenged by self- determination. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the disappearance of it from the political map made it possible for our country to take their own actions. But with the acquisition of independence Kazakhstan had to decide what kind of foreign policy it should make. All the previous beliefs such as the struggle between East and West, Warsaw Pact and NATO, USA and USSR had failed. Kazakhstan stood on the crossroad. In the first phase of the development of external strategy Kazakhstani politicians requested the concept “Eurasian Bridge”, which reflected geographical, historical, cultural and civilizational background of our country. Subsequently, in the second half of 1990s the concept transformed into so called “multi-vector diplomacy” doctrine. The main aim of the doctrine became the development of foreign policy in all the important dimensions for Kazakhstan such as CIS, Central Asia, East and West, Europe and Asia, Muslim World, industrial countries and Asia-Pacific Region. 14
14 Laumulin M.T “Kazakhstan in regional and global politics: aims, tasks and priorities”. Assessed July 30, 2008. (http://2004-2010.iwep.kz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1481<emid=44#_ftnref1) 224
The purpose of this work is to examine the success or failure of “Multi-vector diplomacy” doctrine. Does it really “Multi-vector” or the influence of some states much stronger than others? What countries are hidden thieves of Kazakhstan’s sovereignty? “Multi-vector diplomacy” doctrine According to YerlanIdirisov, the current Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan, recent steps of our country in external policy and high level meetings and visits proved the strategic importance of multi-vector policy. And that this doctrine is exclusive model of external policy, which is appropriate for the development of such country as Kazakhstan. The beginning of 2014 for our state was full of different events in international arena. The annexation of Crimea and the civil war in Ukraine, economic and diplomatic sanctions against Russia made Kazakhstan to react quickly in the highly mobile world. During the residence of President NursultanNazarbayev in Hague for participation in Nuclear Security Summit on 24-25 March world leaders did justice to balanced approach of Kazakhstan in complicating and ambiguous international situation and asked for advice of Kazakhstan leader, taking into account his huge experience in international politics and respect of the participant countries. President NursultanNazarbayev not only participated the Summit, but also separately met with different heads of states and ministers, starting from the successful and productive bilateral visit to Netherlands and meeting with King Willem-Alexander and Prime-Minister Mark Rutte, Kazakhstan’s leader did hold the substantive meetings with President of PRC Xi Jinping, President of USA Barak Obama, President of France Francois Hollande, President of Finland SauliNiinisto, Prime-Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe and Prime-Minister of great Britain David Cameron. Additionally Nazarbayev also met with other heads of states from more than 50 countries, who participated the Nuclear Security Summit, and with the Secretary-General of UN Ban Ki-moon and IAEA Director General Ukiah Amano. Furthermore, there were telephone conversations between Nazarbayev and the President of Russian Federation Vladimir Putin and German Chancellor Angela Merkel. 15
In October 2014 NursultanNazarbayev spoke at the 10 th World Islamic Economic Forum, where he mentioned that during Kazakhstan’s chairmanship in Islamic Cooperation Organization Astana Declaration of ICO was adopted for modernization and reformation of the development basis of Islamic World in XXI century. The Head of state also noted the productive cooperation between our country and the Islamic Development Bank in the field of investment and development of Islamic banking. At present, over $ 700 million have been invested into domestic economy in this area.The President recalled that in 2007, our country together with the UAE decided to open in Kazakhstan the first Islamic Bank "Al-Hilal" with a capitalization of $ 500 million. Kazakhstan is currently positioning Almaty as a regional hub of Islamic financing for the CIS countries and Eastern Europe. 16
15 Y. Idirisov“Multi-vector foreign policy of Kazakhtan in operation”. Assessed April 11, 2014. http://mfa.gov.kz/index.php/ru/blog-ministra-1/intervyu-i-vystupleniya-ministra/1304-mnogovektornaya-vneshnyaya- politika-kazakhstana-v-dejstvii 16 Official website of the President of the RK (http://www.akorda.kz/ru/page/page_218257_uchastie-v-rabote-10-go- vsemirnogo-islamskogo-ekonomicheskogo-foruma) 225
Kazakhstan has huge experience in work with highly enriched uranium, including the transportation experience of 10 tons of uranium and 3 tons of plutonium to North-East part of Kazakhstan for safe storage.Therefore, USA is planning to continue partnership with Kazakhstan in development of Training Center of Nuclear Security. USA also supports our country’s efforts in disposition of Highly Enriched Uranium Bank under the auspices of International Atomic Energy Agency. Another point should be stressed, that bilateral relations between Kazakhstan and USA are wider than Nuclear Sector. More than 300 hundred firms operate in cooperation with US firms. United States are one of the huge investors of Kazakhstan, because since the 1993 they have invested 25 billion US dollars into our economy. 17
Kazakhstan and China The intensiveness and frequency of regular political dialog between Kazakhstan and People’s Republic of China should be stressed. During less than one year Kazakhstan’s President NursultanNazarbayev and President of PRC Xi Jinping met six times, including the visit to Hague on the Nuclear Security Summit. China is one of the 20 leading countries in the Foreign Direct Investment Sector (only in 2005 they have invested 10.3 billion US dollars). 18
obvious that China wants to promote their interests in Central Asia. Kazakhstan seems to be attractive for China also because of the huge territory (2.7 square km), which plays significant role for PRC with the population more than 1.5 billion people. Central Asian countries, in particular Kazakhstan, are also the sales market for Chinese products. Most of our clothes, shoes and techniques have labels “Made in China”.
The enforcement of Eurasian Integration Union made the relations between Kazakhstan and Russia as closer as possible. According to the Committee of Customs Control of Kazakhstan’s Ministry of Finance, commodity turnover between Kazakhstan and other participants of Customs Union equals to 12.6 billion US dollars. In 2009, before the entrance into Customs Union, commodity turnover between Kazakhstan and Russia became equal to 12.4 billion US dollars, and in 2010 it became 17.4 billion US dollars. 19
Unified economic spacegave the right to enjoy the benefit from free trade. Kazakhstan goods and products now have the sails market for promotion. But as the SCO for China, The EEU for Russia is also one of the leverages on Kazakhstan because there are some shaming points in agreement. For instance, Kazakhstan cannot withdraw from EEU without the permission of its member-states, particularly Russian permit. Putin does not hide its attempts to mix economic and political aspects in
17 Y.Idirisov “Multi-vector foreign policy of Kazakhtan in operation”.Assessed April11, 2014. http://mfa.gov.kz/index.php/ru/blog-ministra-1/intervyu-i-vystupleniya-ministra/1304-mnogovektornaya-vneshnyaya- politika-kazakhstana-v-dejstvii 18 Eugene Khon“Direct Investment Sector in Kazakhstan and perspective dimensions of its development”, “Kursiv” № 28(454), pg.11.Assessed July 19, 2012.
19 Eugene Khon“Direct Investment Sector in Kazakhstan and perspective dimensions of its development”, “Kursiv” № 28(454), pg.11.Assessed July 19, 2012. 226
this integration, but Kazakhstani Leader adheres to strong position on this theme, saying that “our political independence is constant, and Kazakhstan will give its sovereignty nobody”. 20
Foreign Direct Investments and trade partners According to National Bank of RK, during the 1993-2011 approximately 146.6 billion US dollars were invested into economy of Kazakhstan, which equal to 70% of all the investments flowing to Central Asian region. Additionally, in 2011 the amount of Foreign Direct Investments compounded 1.3% of the FDI to all the world countries. Along with the in-flows of FDI into Kazakhstan economy during the period 2004-2011the out-flow of FDI constituted 32.4 billion US dollars. Even though, in-flows exceed our-flows. Statistics show that our huge investors are Netherlands (24.1%), USA (15.3%), Great Britain (7.7%), France (6.1%), Italy (3.9%), Canada (3.3%) and Sweden (3%). Furthermore, Russia (3.9%), China (3.9%) and South Korea (2.8%) are also in the list of big investors. Totally 116 countries of the world are investing into our economy, what shows us the interests of other states in our region, particularly in Kazakhstan, and that the conditions for foreign investors are flexible. 21
largest trade partner of Kazakhstan was Russia (18.5% of all the external trade of RK). The second one was China (16.2% of all the external trade of RK). The stunning fact is that Italy (11.2%), Netherlands (9.4%) and France (5%) gained the 3 rd , 4 th and 5
th places of leaders respectively. 22
Another proof of multi-vector policy of Kazakhstan is our diplomatic missions all around the World. There 26 diplomatic missions, including embassies, general consulates, and consulates, in Europe (the major one is in France, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Spain and Great Britain), 4 diplomatic mission in America (Brazil, Canada, USA and Cuba), 2 diplomatic missions in Africa (Egypt and Libya), 10 diplomatic missions in Middle East (Iran, Israel, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Oman and United Arab Emirates) and 15 diplomatic missions in Asia (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Singapore and Thailand). There are also Permanent Missions to the UN in Geneva and New-York and Permanent Missions to the UNESCO in Paris. Overall there are approximately 60 diplomatic missions in the World. Let’s compare this information with other Central Asian countries diplomatic missions. Kirgizstan has 8 diplomatic missions in Europe, 1diplomatic mission in America and 15 diplomatic missions in Asia. Uzbekistan has approximately 40 diplomatic missions around the World. Even though they are promoting the policy of equidistance from all states, Uzbekistan has 40 dip missions, while Kazakhstan only 60 dip missions, promoting the multi-vector policy. Tajikistan has 21 diplomatic missions and Turkmenistan has 30 diplomatic representations all around the world. Kazakhstan is leader, but it is still little in comparison with the powerful states such as China, who has diplomatic missions in
20 NursultanNazarbayev, president of the Republic of Kazakhstan, interview in Hague on 25 March 2014. 21 Eugene Khon“Direct Investment Sector in Kazakhstan and perspective dimensions of its development”, “Kursiv” № 28(454), pg.11.Assessed July 19, 2012. 22 “Top-30 largest trade partners of Kazakhstan”, Kursiv Research.Assessed September 9, 2013.(www.kursiv.kz/news/details/top-ratings/Top-30-krupnejshih-torgovyh-partnerov-Kazahstana/) 227
170 countries out of 195, and Russia, whose 149 diplomatic representations are situated in other countries. Both of them are more likely to be multi-dimensional states rather than Kazakhstan. In defense, we can only say than Kazakhstan is a new country, with history in only 25 years, while China and Russia had hundred years for development.
Kazakhstan’s natural resources, beneficial geopolitical position, the bridge between Asia and Europe, huge territory attract the foreigners. But because of the highly corrupted politicians, the lack of citizens’ patriotic feelings, loss of our Turkic identity and mostly because Kazakhstan is clutched between Russian Federation and People’s Republic of China, we cannot realize our potential, attract much more investors and the most important one is to use our resources for the benefit of our nation. Even though Kazakhstan is trying to be a country with multi-dimensional foreign policy, China and Russia have leverages on RK, whether it investments, or territorial claims, or trans-border water resources. The situation may change after the being of Kazakhstan a member of World Trade Organization, when the WTO norms will predominate the norms of Eurasian Integration Union and Shanghai Cooperation Organization. But for now Kazakhstan tries to find the balance between two global powers.
SECURITY CHALLENGES IN CENTRAL ASIA AND COPING STRATEGIES Yesbol Urumbayev SuleymanDemirel University, Qaskeleng, Kazakhstan Department of Economics and Administrative Sciences
Central Asia, being in the center of the Euroasian continent, is not only nodal point of connection of the Euroasian continent with the Middle East, but also an inevitable way of transition from the West to the east, from the South to the north of all globe. And today, on a threshold of the XXI century, not only the political map of this region changed, but also geopolitical and strategic importance of the Central Asian region was shown again. Recently in the course of formation of new relationship between the independent states of Central Asia questions of safety of this region accept the increasing relevance. Central Asia, according to researchers, is one of the most conflictogenic regions in the former Soviet Union. Potential sources of the conflicts - not only in the region, but also round it. Keywords: Central Asia, drug trafficking, religious extremism, energy security, CIS, CSTO, SCO.
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of the former Soviet territory of Independent States, there was a transformation of peripheral once the Central Asian region to region, which occupies a key position in the system of geopolitical coordinates the entire Eurasian space. Central Asia is now the object of the intersection of geopolitical interests of three world powers: Russia, USA and China. Interest of the participants so-called "Central Asian Great Game" in the political and economic dominance in the region is closely linked to the need to address security issues in Central Asia. The fact that Central Asia can be not only buffer of negative processes taking place in neighboring Middle 228
Eastern countries, but also has the ability to generate threats and challenges, it became apparent in the early 90s, after the outbreak of the civil war in Tajikistan. жүктеу/скачать 15,88 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
|