REFERENCES
http://www.mfa.gov.tr/default.tr.mfa-
Turkısh Minestry Of Foreing Affairs
http://www.bilgesam.org/incele/1328/-batili-devletler-hizbullah%C2%92tan-ne-istiyor-
/#.VPYOqy54tBI- BİLGESAM
– Yasin ATLIOĞLU- 17 MARCH 2009
http://web.archive.org/web/20060821215729/http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/Hiz_letter.htm
http://theonlyquran.com/quran/Al-Maida/English_Prof_Shaykh_Hasan_Qaribullah/?pagesize=0
http://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/trUploads/Yazilar/Dosyalar/2013214_%C3%A7a%C4%9Flar-
hizbullah.pdf
Çağlar SÖKER- ORSAM 14 February 2013
The
Lebanese
political
System
--
http://www.presidency.gov.lb/English/LebaneseSystem/Pages/default.aspx
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology_of_Hezbollah
УДК 3
CHINA AS A GLOBAL POWER
Ainur Toktybayeva
SuleymanDemirel University
Department of Economics and Administrative Sciences
Everyday and everywhere, it is been discussed whether China is going to become a global power
in the international arena. Sooner or later, the answer on this debatable issue would appear, while this
study examines the ability of China to go global and its possible future relations with the superpower
the United States. After being a weak actor on the word stage, China is becoming the world’s most
important rising power. In two decades, China has moved to the center of international system. There
evenappeared concept such as “chinafobia”, which was not without reason.
236
Keywords: global power, leadership capabilities, inside fragileness
“China is not prepared for world leadership. When the world asksChina: what do you want to
be? It doesn’t know, and that is the problem.”
Professor Yan Xuetong
China is the world’s largest population, a large continental land mass, a manned space program, an
aircraft carrier, the world’s largest museum, the world’s largest hydroelectric dam, the world’s second-
largest economy, the world’s second-largest military and budget, the world’s annualized highest growth
rate over the past three decades, the world’s largest exporter, the world’s largest foreign exchange
reserves, the world’s second-largest recipient of foreign direct investment, the world’s largest number
of millionaires and billionaires, and the world’s largest producer of many goods.
23
China figures
prominently in global attention. It is in the news gobbling up resources, soaking up investment,
expanding its global footprint, asserting itself in its Asian neighborhood and developing economy that
is the engine of global growth.
Some American scholars say that China is 21st century’s paper tiger. However, China's potential
is not so impressive, not so strong. The data is only data. In order to realize this other countries should
open up black box of Chinese domestic politics, look inside and figure out.The factors behind the
entering of ‘Chinese Century” could be defined as Chinese hegemonic because apparently China—as a
nation is using their wealth and power to articulate a vision in shaping the world and aspire to address
common challenges.
24
In order to make close analysis whether china is going to be a global power
different aspects such as economic power, diplomatic presence, domestic factors, the United States and
its influence on a world should be covered.
Nadia Kristanto claims that the 21
st
century belongs to China—since it has become a major
global force in economic aspect within international finance globalization. It is more likely to be the
truth, because most of China’s activities - its own economic development. Every day there are statistics
that document China's dramatic growth that make people anxious. The Chinese economy grows fast
because of its welcoming foreign investment, low-wage pool releasing, high exports growth to national
foreign exchange, and Chinese foreign trade policies.
25
Equally dangerous, as the fast-growing Chinese
economy spawns a huge amount of personal wealth, it has to deal with the growing challenge of
corruption. In short, there is no question that China faces real internal challenges. Continued success is
not guaranteed.
The CIA forecasts that by the middle of 21st century China's economy will once again surpass
the US economy in size, although its per capita income will still be much lower than that in the US. At
present,
26
China is 121st in the world. So China's per capita income - more accurate measure of
sophistication - amounts to only 20% of America's and will take decades to catch up. Economic power
is not impressive qualitatively in close analysis. China produces low-end consumer good of low-added
value; its production is an indication of a processing and assembly economy. This kind of economy
cannot be intellectually independent.
According to Joseph Nye the difference between two giants China and the United States in terms of
economic sophistication extend to technology as well: China relies on copying foreign inventions more
than domestic innovation for its technological progress. He claims that Chinese often complain that they
237
produce iPhone jobs, but not Steve Jobs. In addition to this, China locks “knowledge economy”. China
spends only 1,7 % of GDP on Research and Development , 80% of this money spent on product
development ,5% on real research.
In those four following arguments about the historical development background of Chinese regime in
economic growth, Chinese current per capita income, Chinese foreign investment and foreign policy,
and China’s roles in international governmental organization such as World Trade Organization (WTO)
and Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN) are the supporting factors in strengthen the fact
that most of China’s activities - its own economic development
27
.
China remains lonely power lacking close friends and possessing no allies. In other words, China is in
the community of nations but is in many ways not really part of the community, it is not normatively
integrated. China’s diplomatic presence may seem unsuccessful because of classicperception of “Middle
Kingdom” and official and rigid authoritarian ideology. Its diplomacy narrowly self-interested. It often
stands aside or remains passive addressing international security challenges or global governance issues.
However, China realizes that challenge that it will face is acceptance by all of its neighbors. So far, there
can be no doubt that China has done a brilliant job of sharing its prosperity with its neighbors. As is well
known, China made an enormous contribution to helping ASEAN weather the Asian Financial Crisis of
1997–98. More importantly, China stunned both the world and Asia by offering a free trade agreement
(FTA) to ASEAN in 2001.
28
In some situations China tends to keep silent. For example, China’s environmental impact.One does
not see Beijing proactively and positively trying to resolve any global problem. Sometimes it perpetuates
problems through exercising vetoes in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) or propping up
dictatorial regimes against international will
29
. China’s environmental record and contributions to global
warming are similarly criticized abroad. China according to some estimation has the largest economy,
but they are not active. They may be comparable to Vietnam. In South East Asia they do not have
anypartner. Almost all countries are politically alarmest concerning China. Most of countries have
border problems. This kind of relations cannot give China in foreign politics openings. China's regimes
perceived unfriendly at least, maximum dangerous.
China may seem like unified society. China is not united enough country. The biggest domestic problem
is separatism. Lines of division: rich coastal areas and depressive internal areas. Also deep differences
in dialects. (khans and ethnic minorities). The reality of the new china is that public opinion will play a
bigger role.
The collapse of the Soviet Union and all the other communist regimes in Eastern Europe, therefore,
provided an early indicator of the fate that presumably awaits the communist party in China. However,
Communist Party leaders will never make international considerations a priority. Their number one
priority will always be the Preservation of Communist rule. Like all politicians China's leaders are
concerned first and foremost with their political survival. Chinese leaders are haunted by a fear that their
days in power are numbered. They also realize that they lack the personal prestige of Mao Zedong and
Deng Xiapong. The worst nightmare of China's leaders is a national protest movement of discontented
238
groups - unemployed workers, hard-pressed farmers, and students- united against the regime by the
fervor of nationalism
30
. Cause chinese history gives them a good reason to worry about.
One more problem concerning internal China is adverse demographic conditions. After enforcing a
one-child policy for more than three decades, China’s labor force is set to peak in 2016, with elderly
dependents outnumbering children by 2030. This has raised concerns that population will grow
oldbefore it grows rich.
31
In addition to this, at present there is a problem related to the gender inequality.
Because of the ability to have only one child, people tend to have boys rather than girls.
32
According to Professor Joseph Nye,China actually exercise global influence: global trade patterns,
global energy and commodity markets, the global tourism industry, global sales of luxury goods, global
real estate purchases, and cyber hacking. In these areas, China is markedly influencing global trends.
Other than in these limited areas, China does not really influence global events.China is present and
active in many areas on a various parts of the globe and in various functional spheres but is not
influencing or shaping. China influences events through nonaction, negative action, diplomatic passivity
usually adopting the safest and least controversial position.
Culturally despite the enormous efforts and resources being poured by the Chinese government into
trying to build soft power and improve its international image china continues to have a mixed to
negative global image. Its cultural products – art, literature, films are not setting global trends and are
little known outside China. Even economically the one area one would expect china to be global we find
that china’s impact is much more shallow. Its products have poor international brand recognition.
What China’s government is not yet prepared to do is respond effectively to increasingly loud demands
for political participation – if not democracy – that tend to accompany rising per capita GDP. It remains
to be seen whether China can develop a formula to manage an expanding urban middle class, regional
inequality and ethnic minorities.
China’s growing prominence on the international stage, charting how the country’s expanding economic
power has allowed it to extend its reach virtually everywhere. China is an increasingly important global
player, but is only a lonely power and is a power only in some aspects.If China’s awakeningis now
shaking the world, ‘do we really understand the various dimensions, complexities and implications of
China’s “going global”? In order to find an answer it should be searched the salient dimensions of
China’s global involvement – local Chinese perceptions of their global roles; China’s diplomacy; its role
in global governance; global economic presence; cultural impact and global security presence.
References:
1.
David Shambaugh, China Goes Global (Oxford University Press, 2014)
2.
Joseph Nye, China’s Questionable Economic Power, 2014
http://8b.kz/4Vhh
3.
K. Mahbubani, 'The Chinese century', American Review, 2013
http://8b.kz/ZMD9
4.
Nadia Kristanto – Entering the Chinese Century, 2014
http://8b.kz/vPAF
5.
China Overview, The World Bank, last updated April 1, 2012
http://8b.kz/dJwi
239
УДК 32:001.12/18
EUROPEAN UNION – MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT FOR EURASIAN UNION.
Kalamysheva Т.
SuleymanDemirel University
Generally, there are two broad models of integration: intergovernmental and supranational
models. The main difference of the former from the second is that in intergovernmental model members
are not politically integrated, all are equal and the decision – making process is only by consensus. In
the supranational model, integration is not only economic but also political and decision is made only
by the majority vote. The members of the EEU do not perceive this integration similarly. For example,
Kazakhstan seeks more intergovernmental integration, whereas Russia seeks supranational. No matter,
what each side seeks and what will be the result, the probability of EEU to succeed as EU depends on
overcoming the gap in characteristics between two organizations.
So, what to be done and what to be changed by EEU to accomplish success that EU has achieved?
Keywords: regionalism, regionness, identity, presence, actorness
Introduction
Eurasian Union – integration formed by 3 countries, namely Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, came
into force in January, 2015. These three countries decided to unite their markets in one economic space
and seek other countries in the region join EEU. EEU was actually established for economic aims,
however nowadays Russian stance towards this organization is unclear. This inexactness can be
observed both from the speeches of Russian officials, as well as from Russian interlocutors’ behavior at
composing the treaty of Eurasian Union.
1
Kazakhstan, however, express its stance clearly: only
economic reasons, no politics and tough focus on sovereignty preservation and equality between the
members.
2
Russian side however widely criticized for the desire of re-Sovietization of the region.
European Union, in comparison to Eurasian Union, is an integration that mainly was formed for
preservation of peace, unity and prevention of the next war in Europe by maintaining economic stability
and economic growth. The main idea was not to allow the fragmentation of Europe. Nowadays, however,
EU is an organization that associates in our minds with democratic political culture, respect for the rule
of law, deep respect for human rights and moreover it managed to gain considerable weight in
international arena.
So, what does the Eurasian Union needs to do from the early days of its existence in order to
achieve the minimum amount of success that EU has achieved in international relations.
Region as an actor
Lagenhove states that “regions are not states, but they can act as if they were states”. In order to
transform a region from being mere passive object to an active actor three following components have
to be worked out. First, regionness, refers to cohesiveness in terms of institutionalization and identity.
Second, presence, region’s weight in terms of economy, demographics, economics, and military. Third,
actorness, capacity to act purposively to shape outcomes in the external environment.
3
Regionness. Regionness can be expressed in two forms: identity and institutionalization. In order
for an entity or actor, the regional integration needs to possess strong institutionalization and identity,
the feeling of “we”. Institutionalization, in other words means to have firm decision making structure
and prioritized policy. In case of European Union, the regionness is at the highest stage.
4
In the sense of institutionalization the European Union is well managed as it has seven
institutions: the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union, the European Commission,
the European Council, the European Central Bank, the Court of Justice of the European Union and
240
the European
Court
of
Auditors.The
Eurasian
union
operates
through supranational and intergovernmental institutions.
The
supranational
institutions
are
the Eurasian Commission (the executive body), the Court of the EEU (the judicial body) and
the Eurasian Development Bank. National governments are usually represented by the Eurasian
Commission's Council. In addition, all member states participate in the Collective Security Treaty
Organization, an intergovernmental mutual defense alliance.
In institutional aspect, EEU is similar to EU. However, in identity aspect, these two differ very
much. Eurasian Union is far backwards that EU. Firstly, the Post- Soviet space does not have proper
name or brand, the chance of using CIS brand is unlikely to be successful. Moreover, President
Nazarbayev claims that Eurasian Union is a voluntary project based both on economic pragmatism and
equality of sovereign states. However, these norms imply that members of the EEU delegate some
competencies only in economics, but retain in matters of security and politics. We can assume that EEU
can succeed even if it makes up identity only in economic aspect. But if EEU desires to follow the
success of EU it should focus on other aspects also. For example, the whole EU identifies itself as
democratic, cultural, developed, and respectful towards the law.
5
In trade, immigration cases it is fortress
that protects members from possible injustice. Nevertheless, this protection is gained by sacrifice of
sovereignty. Distinct feature of EU is that in case of violations it overrides sovereignty rule.
So, in terms of regionness, EEU has to enhance its institutionalization, giving more power to
Eurasian Commission. In matters of identity, EEU has to resolve discrepancies in perception of Eurasian
Union and finally decide which stance it wants as an entity to apply: political or economic, or political-
economic.
Presence is not purposive action, but the consequence of being.
6
For example, the economic,
demographic being of EU already gives it weight as an external actor. Also, the presence can be
enhanced by external activities like foreign aid. For example, the integration made from Eurasian Union
a market with 170 million consumers. Recently, China decided to transfer its 20 refining factories in
Kazakhstan.
7
This decision we may say was motivated because of this Economic Union, because now
Kazakhstan does not have 15 million consumers but already 170. So, the appearance of EEU already is
changing the external actors’ actions. Moreover, in May EEU is awaiting new member to join. However,
new members’ appearance does not necessarily mean that it will enhance its presence, because of the
consensus based decision making structure in EEU.
Third. Actorness
Actorness requires ‘the ability to formulate and implement external policy.
8
In the case of the
EU, the actorness concept can be explored on the basis of delimitation between national and regional
competencies. Competencies delegated from national to regional level can serve as the indicators of the
scope of a regional organisation’s policies. The delegation of competencies in trade contributed to the
actorness of the EEU. The EEU approach to regional integration resembles, to some extent, the EU
model of distinguishing between three levels of competencies: first, the EEU competencies; second, the
coordination of policies within the framework of the EEU; and third, seeking coordination of policies
according to the main goals and norms of the EEU (EEU Treaty 2014: Article 5). The first level, the
EEU competencies that include tariff policy and technical and customs regulations, are areas of external
economic relations in which Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia have agreed to pursue consistent policies.
Consistency refers to the compatibility of member states’ bilateral external polices with the policies of
the regional organisation, which is one of the requirements of actorness alongside the availability of
policy instruments to realise those policies. The trade in services and foreign investment issues are
coordinated, but they remain an exclusive national competency of member states (EEU Treaty 2014:
Appendix 16, Article 48). The limitations of the EAEC competencies can be explained by difficulties in
ensuring consistency among states with different economic systems. Belarus still preserves some
elements of a command economy (i.e., price controls, employment requirements, and state control over
241
private enterprises), while Kazakhstan pursues pro-market policies. These differences lead to lack of
coherence in identification and prioritisation of external policies.
The EEU Treaty (2014) tries to address this situation by stipulating macroeconomic requirements
and setting three main indicators: first, budget deficits should be less than 3 per cent of GDP; second,
public debt should be less than 50 per cent of GDP; third, the difference in inflation rates among member
states should be less than 5 per cent (Article 63). These requirements can be a challenge for Belarus,
while Kazakhstan and Russia do not face any difficulty in conforming to them.
As regards policy instruments of the EEU designed to ensure the coordination of macroeconomic
policies among member states they are limited to monitoring and providing recommendations only. To
summarise the discussion on actorship capability in the trade dimension: the competencies of the EAEC,
the decision-making structure within the EEU, and the discourse on Eurasian regionalism suggest that,
in trade policy, the region has been developing its actor capability.
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