First is Greater Market Size for Exporting
Kazakhstan gains access to market of Russia and Belarus with more than 150 million population. It
creates opportunities for domestic producers to export, will attract foreign direct investments, and will
motivate establishment of joint ventures with Customs Union member countries’ companies and third
countries’ firms. Russia takes advantage of access only to more 25 million population market of
Kazakhstan and Belarus. Therefore, in terms of increasing market size Belarus and Kazakhstan gain
more than Russia.
Second is Lower Cost and Easier Transportation
Kazakhstan businesses will benefit from lower costs and easier transportation of goods through territory
of Customs Union countries. Petrol from Kazakhstan can be transported to Belarus Refineries and sold
to Europe (Kazakhstan may use Belarus refineries, n.d.). Transportation is one of the most important
problems for Kazakhstan export potential. Customs Union in addition to increasing of market size for
export, provides easier access to third countries, especially EU.
The next one is Attraction of Foreign Direct Investments – FDI and Joint Ventures in non-raw
material sectors
Joining the Customs Union provides Kazakhstan with opportunity to attract Foreign Direct Investments
in manufacturing sector. The Customs Union establishment motivates non-member countries to engage
in FDI (Jaumotte and Florence, 2004). In case of Kazakhstan non-member countries companies prefer
export entry mode because it is ineffective to build production facilities in Kazakhstan due its small
market size. It is easier to open distribution channel with few people working and export to Kazakhstan
and take advantage of low Customs tariffs.
After joining Customs Union Kazakhstan will use Common External Tariff – CET and increase import
tariffs from non-member countries for more than four thousands goods. Import tariffs of goods to be
used in production on territory of the Customs Union will be subject to lower or zero tariffs (Aitzhanova,
2009). Market size of Customs Union is about 170 million people and starting from July 1, 2010
Customs borders between member countries are eliminated. Therefore, above factors create incentives
for non-member countries’ companies to use Direct Investment or Joint Venture entry modes in
Kazakhstan market.
And Last one is More incentives for local investors to start production
Kazakhstan followed very liberal trade policies towards imports. The Customs Union’s CET will be
higher for imported products than existing ones. Higher prices of imported goods creates opportunities
existing domestic producers to increase sales in Kazakhstan and access Russia and Belarus markets.
Most of the Russia existing import tariffs are higher than CET and their domestic producers would not
benefit a lot from CET for non-member countries. Aleksei Khramkov (2009) indicates that after joining
207
the Customs Union Russian and Belarus goods will dominate Kazakhstan market. However, we already
have zero tariff trade with each other for years and that does not caused Russia penetration of Kazakhstan
market. We share common background and common problems of corruption, high cost of production,
and low technology use.
In conclusion we can mark that Kazakhstan with its geographic position with no access to seas highly
depends on its neighbors in international trade issues. China with its growing economy mostly imports
raw materials from Kazakhstan and has competitive advantage in production due to low cost of labor
and huge market size. Chinese content is growing through low import tariffs and lengthy border. Also
China invests in development of its western region Xinjiang. Russia has political interest in the Customs
Union that broadens its sphere of influence in Central Asia. For Kazakhstan companies it is easier to
compete with Russian business than with Chinese because we face same challenges. The potential
advantages of joining the Customs union stated above can be utilized through implementation of
government policies that make doing business in Kazakhstan easier and through active role of local
business. In case of synergy between government structures and local business the potential drawbacks’
effect will be minimized.
УДК 32:001.12/18
INNER MONGOLIA IN CHINA
Sholpan E. Kulmukhanbetova
What is the Inner Mongolia? Why Inner Mongolia has become a part of China? Why Inner Mongolia
didn’t become independent? In this essay, I would like to consider the Inner Mongolia deeper. Since the period
of formation of Mongolia itself and till to its division. Examine the reasons for the occurrence of the Inner
Mongolia in China. Also I would like to consider the history of Mongolia (general and internal) to understand in
what period Inner Mongolia lost its "face".
History of Mongolia is known only from the Chinese chronicles and annals. South Inner Mongolia (a
loop of the Yellow River) since ancient times was inhabited by Chinese farmers, and on the north until the
Mongols in the XIII century different nomadic peoples succeeded each other.
In 1206, Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes and founded the Mongol Empire. In 1227 he won the
Western Xia and in 1234 the Jin government fell . In 1271 Genghis Khan's grandson- Kublai Khan, completed
the conquest of China's and founded the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. In Shandong in Inner Mongolia was the summer
capital of the Mongol emperors.
In 1368 the Chinese expelled the Mongols and founded the Ming Dynasty, the Mongols who had fled to
the north founded the dynasty Northern Yuan. From 1449 to 1635 Inner Mongolia was a political and cultural
center of the Mongolian people.
The Qing Dynasty The Mongols came under the power of the Manchus of the Qing Dynasty in 1635.
Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty was divided into 49 khoshuns (banners), some of which have been merged
into aimags (league). Mongol princes participated in wars of conquest of Manchuria. In the XVIII and XIX
centuries, more and more Han Chinese began settling in Inner Mongolia. In the beginning they settled illegally,
but later the Manchus became even encourage such migration to counter Russian influence in the region.
208
During the Xinhai Revolution in Outer Mongolia was proclaimed an independent theocratic state headed by
Bogdohan. All 49 khoshuns of Inner Mongolia expressed their desire to join it . Bogdohans government sent in
troops to drive out the forces of the Republic of China. Kyakhtinian agreement in 1915 between Mongolia, Russia
and China, left Inner Mongolia for the Republic of China. By 1928, the Mongol princes uprising was suppressed,
and in Inner Mongolia is divided into the provinces of Jehol, Chahar and Suiyuan.
Mengjiang In 1931, Japan occupied Manchuria and established in its territory the puppet state of Manchukuo.
It includes the Eastern District of Inner Mongolia. After kindling in 1937 Sino-Japanese War, December 8, 1937
the Mongolian Prince De Wang was proclaimed the state Mengjiang, which occupies the central region of Inner
Mongolia. Mengjiang was also a Japanese puppet state, the capital was in the city of Zhangbei. Mengjiang was
captured in 1945 by the Soviet and Mongolian troops during the August offensive Manchur's operation
9
.
After World War II Inner Mongolia came under the control of the Chinese Communists. In 1947 even before
the founding of the PRC, they created an autonomous region of Inner Mongolia - the first Autonomous Region in
China.
Throughout the area eradicated Mongolian culture and religion, destroyed Buddhist monasteries, Mongolian
language was replaced by the Chinese. Most of the territory was handed over to the neighboring province. July
5, 1969 Alashan Aimag was divided to Gansu and Ningxia Autonomous Region, and aimags Hulunbuir,
Chzhelimu Chzhaouda and transferred to the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning. May 30, 1979 all of
these areas have been included in the Inner Mongolia.
Inner Mongolia "Nei Meng" - Autonomous Region in northern China. The administrative center - Hohhot, the
largest city - Baotou. Shares a border with Russia and Mongolia in the north, Gansu Province in the south-west,
Ningxia and Shaanxi Province, Shanxi and Hebei in the south, Liaoning in the south-east and the provinces of
Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in the east.
Chinese Han nationality make up 79% of the population of the autonomous region. Mongols, as the title of
national areas, account for 17% of the population. 70% of Mongolians live on 13% of the territory of Inner
Mongolia. This aimag Hinggan, Borough of Tongliao and Chifeng. In addition to them in an area inhabited by
other Mongol peoples: Buryats and Oirats and Daur, Evenki, Oroqen people, Hui, Manchu and Korean. In
addition, according to the official census in Inner Mongolia live 5000 Russian people. Total Inner Mongolia is a
home for 49 of the 56 nationalities in China.
The official languages in Inner Mongolia are Chinese (Putonghua) and Mongolian. In the eastern part of the
region speak Northeastern dialect (Dunbeyhua), which belongs to the Mandarin. In the central part in the valley
of the Yellow River, speak a dialect of Jin. In cities such as Hohhot and Baotou - dialect Jin
8
.
Mongolians speak different dialects of the Mongolian language: Chahar, baarinsk, horchinsk, Ordoss,
hamniganskom and Alashan.
By the law, all road signs announcements on public transport, commercial signage and public documents should
be bilingual in Mongolian and Chinese. Three television channels broadcast in the Mongolian language
10
.
Inner Mongolia officially considered part of North China, but its great length from west to east, but part of the
Autonomous Region is located in the North-East and North-West China. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is
the most length in longitude from all Chinese provinces, and is bordered by the largest number of provinces -
with eight. Area of Autonomous Region - 1 183 000 square kilometers, or 12.3% of the country (the third largest
of the provinces after Xinjiang and Tibet).
In the north of the autonomous region is stretch of the Sino-Mongolian border, and in the north-east - the section
of the Russian-Chinese. In Inner Mongolia is 18 border crossings, including the city of Manchuria - the largest
land checkpoint throughout China and the Russian-Chinese border.
Pastures of Inner Mongolia are very extensive, making the Autonomous Region a region with the large livestock
in the country. The area of grassland is 86 million hectares. Pastures area grows more than 100 species of food
209
plants. In the steppes of Inner Mongolia, bred cattle, horses, sheep and goats, and in the more arid western regions
- camels.
Forestry also has an important role. According to the forest Inner Mongolia ranks second in the country (after
Heilongjiang Province), forests are concentrated in the east, in the mountains of the Great Khingan, their total
area is 160,000 square km
10
.
In an industry dominated by mining and raw materials industries, as well as heavy industry. By Coal mining Inner
Mongolia occupies the third place in China (120 million. tons annually). Industrial production area is located
around the two cities - Hohhot and Baotou. At the metallurgical plant Baotou melted almost all the steel and cast
iron district. In Bayan-Ovoo are companies producing rare earth metals. Non-ferrous metallurgy region produces-
aluminum, magnesium, copper, lead, zinc and tin.
In Inner Mongolia passes 6,000 kilometers of railways. Main railway area - Baotou-Lanzhou - which is connects
Beijing and Urumqi. On the east are extremely important branch of Jining, Eren Hohhot and Harbin,
Manchuria,which linking China with Mongolia and Russia. On the border of the autonomous region has 18
checkpoints, the largest of which are the Manchuria on the border with Russia and Eren-Hoto on the border with
Mongolia. The composition of Inner Mongolia consists of 12 units of district level: 9 urban districts and 3 aimag.
Aimags - traditional Mongolian territorial unit in China equated districts, and exists only in Inner Mongolia. As
part Inner Mongolian urban districts and aimags are other traditional Mongol units equivalent to counties - hoshun
and TJS - units parish level.
In Inner Mongolia takes more than a thousand rivers, the largest of which is the Yellow River. Other major rivers
- the Argun River, a tributary of the Amur; Nenjiang, a tributary of the Songhua and Xiliao River, a tributary of
the Liao. Rivers are concentrated in the east and south of the region. The north and west, where deserts and semi-
deserts, rivers (very little), mostly internal flow of the river, they do not fall into the sea, and ends in the deserts
or inland lakes.
Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region. Head of Inner Mongolia is the Chairman of the Regional Legislative
Assembly, which must be representative of the titular nationality, ie Mongol. Since 2008, this position is held
Bagatur.
Chairman of Inner Mongolia is operated by the Secretary of the Regional Committee of the Communist Party,
which to fight corruption appoint a Chinese Han nationality originally from another province. Since November
2009, this post takes Hu Chunhua.
Chinese policy in Inner Mongolia After the death of Genghis Khan's Mongolia gradually began to lose its
political integrity. Internal civil wars broke up empire into principalities and weaken it. Chinese trade and politics
had a major impact on the economy of Southern Mongolia and Khalkha, and later on political processes in the
region. China's actions in relation to Khalkha was aimed at strengthening trade relations, since China was not able
to lead the military campaign against the powerful neighbor. In 1570 Altan Khan became a vassal of the Ming
emperor and was elevated to the rank of prince, which allowed him to gain higher status and economic advantages
in comparison with other Mongol princes [1]. Altan Khan's status gave him control over the territories of southern
Mongolia and for Khan provided support for China in the case of civil wars in the Mongolian steppes. Such
political ties are a prime example of rapprochement between China and southern Mongolia, as well as the reasons
explained by the receiving regions of southern Mongolia special administrative status. Then China was conquered
by the Manchus. And in 1636 Inner Mongolia became part of the Qing Empire and in 1691, - Khalkha (Outer
Mongolia) [3]. The reasons for the conquest and joining Southern Mongolia to China steel disunity South
Mongolian principalities and skillful use of the Manchu rulers of contradictions in the camp of the Mongol feudal
lords. [5] Despite the inclusion of the Mongolian lands of China, between the Khalkha Mongolia and South to
maintain the border, which was established in 1653 [6], which contain the raids of nomads from Outer Mongolia
to its incorporation into China. It was period where appeard a name of Inner Mongolia and its became a part of
China as a special administrative unit.
210
For summarizing we can say that Inner Mongolia was forced to become a part of China. The reasons for the
collapse of the steel inner contradictions and disunity principalities Inner Mongolia.
Chinese policy in Inner Mongolia in XIII-XIX centuries. varied in accordance with the change of dynasties, so
can be roughly divided into 3 historical stage yet: the Yuan, Ming and Ch'ing. In the Yuan period was joint
Mongolian and Chinese empires, but at this time, China was unable to actively pursue a policy in the region. In
Minsk - Chinese policy began to vigorously expand its influence. Formed trade flows between China and southern
Mongolia, opened the barter markets in border towns. In Qing - have occurred including the territories of South
Khalkha Mongolia and part of China. At this stage, Southern Mongolia actually received provincial
administrative-territorial status and was included in the state structure of China.
Thus, the three historical stages show the way from Southern Mongolia's independence to its full inclusion in the
China, and also characterize the evolution of China's policy toward the region.
REFERENCES
1. The boundaries of China: History , V.S Myasnikov, E.D Stepanova. ; Monuments of Historical Thought, 2001.
259 p.
2. History of China / ed. A. V Meliksetova. 4th ed. Moscow: Moscow University; ONYX, 2007. 257-258.p
3. Gaubatz P., Stevens S. Transforming a «Sea of Grass»: Urbanization, Nomadic Pastoralism, and Agricultural
Colonization on the Sino-Mongolian Frontier, 1550-1930 // Prepared for the Agrarian Studies Colloquium, Yale
University. April 7, 2006. P. 7.
URL: http://www.rangelandcongress.com/ VIII% 20Proceedings / seaofgrass.pdf
4. Pokotilov D. D. , History of Eastern Mongolia in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1634). SPb., 1893. S. 167-168.
5. Skrynnikova ETC. Lamaist church and state. Outer Mongolia. XVI - the beginning of XX century, 1988. 7 p.
6. Ermachenko I.S., Policy Manchu Qing Dynasty in the North and South of Mongolia in the XVII century. M.,
1977. 141 p.
7. Leibold J. Rethinking Guomindang National Minority Policy and the Case of Inner Mongolia. Lanham, MA:
University Press of America. 2003. P. 3.
8.
http://www.chinatoday.com/city/inner_mongolia.htm
9
.http://www.innermongolia.org/english/inner%20mongolia%20was%20never%20part%20of%20China.htm
10.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia
УДК 32:001.12/18
SUDANESE CRISIS
GizatAlzhan
Suleyman Demirel University
At the junction of the past and present history has put a heavy mark on the lands of Africa.History
accompanied by the struggle for freedom and internecine battles. In the past, the largest country on the
African continent, now divided into two. States with a very saturated life's difficulties. These countries
are Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan. The importance of this article is to show the
role of external factors in the establishment and the further development of the state. As a good example
I took abovementioned two African countries .Let’s begin with a history of these states.The history
from the beginning of the twentieth century will give us a general concept of the problems of these
areas. 19 January, 1899 Great Britain and Egypt signed an agreement on establishing of joint
management in Sudan . So called Anglo-Egyptian Condominium. Senior officials became British and
medium - Egyptians. But before that authority over Sudan was lost for a while. We can see it from the
Winston Churchill’s book “ The River War. Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan” . Where he
describes in detail the battles in Sudan.Gradually and cautiously British government raised the issue of
return of land in Sudan. More than a decade after the fall of Khartoum, began the first invasion to the
211
province of Dongola, and two years later, in 1898, at the Battle of Omdurman army of barbaric empire
dervishes was scattered and almost destroyed. Almost fifty years of the twentieth century the local
"barbarians" were under the control of British administration. To consolidate his power, Britain openly
encouraged the anti-Islamic and anti-Arab t mood of the population of the south Sudan, adhering the
traditional beliefs also who began to practice Christianity, which actively implanted by the European
pilgrims-preachers. Britain, controlling the Sudan, even introduced visas for Sudanese crossing the
border between northern and southern parts of the country. «Divide et Impera» - Roman principle of
"divide and rule" was not only learned by the Anglo-Saxons, but also has been used successfully, in
India ,also in Sudan. That's the way which were laid the preconditions for future ethnic and religious
conflicts, one of which led Sudan to the war between the North and the South and to today's split into
two parts. Going back to history, it should be noted that the 15 October, 1951 Egypt's parliament
approved a law on termination of the Anglo-Egyptian agreement in 1899. Egyptian King Farouk was
proclaimed King of Egypt and Sudan. But ... this monarchical "swing" quickly extinguished. July
Revolution of Nasser in 1952 did not give Farouk relax in the Sudan, and the new Egyptian authorities
have recognized the right of the Sudanese people to self-determination. In August 1955 the Sudanese
parliament adopted a decision on the final termination of the Anglo-Egyptian domination and in the
same year the British and Egyptian troops were withdrawn from Sudan. January 1, 1956 Sudan was
declared as an independent state. Perhaps, in these short fragments can be seen major milestones of
history of the country in the twentieth century. This story of already self-dependent and independent
state would have continued to this day. . But the Anglo-Saxons that provision did not suit. The whole
world knows by heart winged words of Lord Palmerston, who in the XIX century served 16 years as
Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Queen of Britain and ten more years as prime minister:
2)- «We have no eternal allies, and we have no perpetual enemies. Our interests are eternal and
perpetual, and those interests it is our duty to follow».
What were the interests of Britain in the Sudan? We all know that the UK has opened military
action against several independent Boer republics in the territory of the present Republic of South Africa
(RSA).Since that period most African countries “on fire”, in the most cases torched by foreigners… In
2010, the UN issued the report "Human Development Index in the world". In this ranking Sudan is
located at 154 place. In general , we have rich with its mineral resources, but in fact very poor country.
Where is poverty , you can easily create a conflict. Unfortunately, for some people it is not stranger. If
you take any directory "Minerals", then there about Sudan the following will be written. Here is found
the impressive list of natural resources: tungsten, graphite, iron, gold, manganese, copper, molybdenum,
marble, oil, tin, salt, natural gas, silver, mica, uranium, chromium, and zinc. Because now all fixated on
energy resources, in this list, of course, most attention takes the mentioning of oil and gas. Most of the
African oil reserves are concentrated in a few countries - Libya, Nigeria, Algeria and Sudan. They
account for over 90% of proven oil reserves on the continent, says Deputy Director of the Institute for
African Studies Leonid Fituni. Therefore, these countries have become the main target of economic and
geopolitical competition of international centers of power. In general, a dominant position in the
Sudanese oil and gas industry has always belonged to the American, Anglo-Dutch and a lesser extent
to French and Italian capital. However, the "old-timers" in recent years pushed from their positions by
China, India, Brazil and other competitors are full of strength. Especially noticeable in Africa the rise of
China, because African oil provides 30% of China's imports of "black gold". . As remembered about
Chinese comrades, it is necessary stop there in more detail. China's interests in Sudan are considerable,
and the disintegration of the country hit him so openly, that some observers saw in this story hands of
Americans who knocked out from under his Chinese rival strong foothold in Africa. The fact that China
has its eye on Sudan a very prosaic reason - from here Celestial Empire began to receive huge amounts
of oil. Moreover, the directly from the Sudanese ports - by sea, rater , by the Indian Ocean. It is known
212
that the main supplier of oil to China from Africa - Angola, surpassed the even Saudi Arabia and Iran.
Until recently the the second was the Sudan! In China exported from 50 to 60% of Sudan's oil. Country
satisfied the almost 10% needs of Beijing in this kind of material. When western companies have left
the Sudan, many years China has invested into the exploration, production, refining, transportation. It
does not pay any attention to Western sanctions against Khartoum. In the context of the country's
division , future of the 15 billion dollars of Chinese investment has become a very uncertain. . To
China’s loans were built not only pipelines, but also hospitals, schools and roads. Chinese, want to give
credit, immediately have oriented after separation of South Sudan. PRC and RSS signed several
agreements in the field of oil, and a few Chinese companies have begun to invest in the oil sector of
South Sudan's economy ... With China over the years the Sudan has become from importer of oil to
exporter country. Whereby China has an influence on President al-Bashir. China once even ignored the
ICC warrant for the arrest of Omar al-Bashir and the Sudanese president invited to Beijing for official
visit. For a long time the Americans couldn’t compete with China in the Sudan . Oil companies
"Chevron" and "ExxonMobil" were forced to seek his fortune in neighboring Chad and spent there
almost four billion dollars to build a pipeline through which the United States could supply up to 160,000
barrels of oil per day. In Sudan, a similar pipeline would cost them much cheaper, it is closer to the
ocean shore.
Many politicians raised the question of preserving the unity of Sudan under condition of granting to
the southern region a high degree of autonomy. The adoption of constitution of the Sudan was targeted
to this. The history of its adoption links with the fate of a famous Sudanese, who did a lot for the sake
of unity. His name was John Garang. Garang ten years ago, was one of the key figures in the Sudan.
Once the leader of the southern rebels, he could overcome their differences with President Omar al-
Bashir and became one of the architects of the peace treaty between the South and the central
government, which put an end of the bloody civil war , blazed in the country from 1983 to
2004.Khartoum pursued a policy of Islamization of the southern provinces, wanted to show "who's
boss." The South fought. As a result, according to various sources, died about one and a half million
people. Now, thanks to the efforts of John Garang and Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, an agreement
was reached that ended the civil war. Under the agreement, the main political force of the South - the
rebel Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement – become a part of the transitional government in
place with National Congress Party controlling the northern regions , which representative is the
Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir. John Garang was promoted to first vice-president. The peace treaty,
signed in January 2005 postponed a final decision on the independence of the southern regions of Sudan
for six years, provided an autonomy to South , self-management and guarantee of equal share of the
revenues from the sale of natural resources in the first place is oil. Islam ceased to be the only official
religion of the Sudan. But Garang very disturbed someone and in the summer 2005, he died in a strange
plane crash. Everything indicates that he was blown up in an airplane. He was wicked to those who
opposed the unity of Sudan, who incited the war. Garang signed a peace agreement between South Sudan
and Khartoum and established the peace. He even had a grand plan to unite all African countries.
Accused of his murder, as always, Khartoum. It's not profitable to Sudan as to America and Israel. But
for international community there is one culprit, for all occasions it’s Sudan!
On the eve of the completion of a 6-year period of "deferred independence" of the South was made
one more attempt to save the country. In April 2010, elections were held. People's will took place in a
difficult political situation, but compromise is seemed possible. However, as ordered a rebellion broke
out in the west of the country, in the province of Darfur.So, study the situation in the Sudanese province
of Darfur is very important for a common understanding - what happened in Sudan? The most acute
phase of the Darfur conflict accounts for the years 2003-2004, when against the central government in
Khartoum rebelled just two militant groups in this western province - Sudan Liberation
Movement/Army" and "Justice and Equality Movement". There is a lot rebellions in Africa . But , this
uprising became a center of attention of UN and whole world. Even ,rare event that Russia send
213
peacekeepers to this region. Naturally, that local commanders presented themselves as fighter for
“democracy” and “justice”, however, there were another large scale actors. America, for example, has
done everything possible "under the conflict" to strengthen its political and economic influence in
Sudan, flooding the country by agents, military advisors, missionaries. The US Congress has decided to
impose sanctions against Sudan in more peaceful 1997 - that says only about strategic views of
Washington. Soon, Pentagon began to provide the rebels in the South and in Darfur comprehensive
assistance by supplying military equipment through its allies - Eritrea and Chad. Simultaneously,
Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir was accused that he was personally responsible for the suppression
of rebellions in Darfur and in the south of the country and more importantly, blamed for the deaths of
hundreds of thousands of people. Gives different data on the number of dead and refugees. According
to some estimates the number of dead was 300 thousand people. But Sudanese officials have said that
the conflict claimed the lives of only 10 thousand people. It is - a tragedy, but we can not increase the
scale thirty times! Sudanese themselves says about the impossibility of such large number of victims.
Sudanese believes that the cause of all the ills of the Sudan that the country has a lot of oil and United
States want to dispose this oil reserve. Their reserves have long been explored by the Americans. They
have preserved their oi reserves based on oil from the Persian Gulf. They wanted to Sudanese oil
remains for those times when the oil runs out in the Gulf. But Sudanese are people too. They have the
right to use their mineral wealth. In this case, Khartoum tried to find a new sponsor . After, President
Al-Bashir called Chinese. Those developing oil, pays to the country, but Americans do not want it.
Therefore, they create all conflicts - in the South, in Darfur, on the border with Egypt. Another thing is
important - in Sudan a large deposits of uranium. The US wants to control it too. In my opinion uranium
is the main reason of all wars in Sudan.
This situation led to the appearance of foreign forces. Election and also Sudanese affairs, were
under the closely monitoring of all Americans. The former US President Jimmy Carter headed a
mission of international observers.The population of the South was considering these elections as a dress
rehearsal to the already scheduled for January 2011 referendum - just to complete the above-mentioned
6-year period of the moratorium on the separation of southern Sudan. They were not mistaken ...
If we remember events leading up to the split of the country, then you can start with the fact that
ethnic and religious conflict in the Sudan has a long history. The boundary between the lands inhabited
by, on the one hand, mainly Arabs, on the other - tribes of black Africans, by the efforts of
Christianization of Western missionaries, quite clearly divided Sudan into two parts. However
Sudanese people tried to save the unity. This - the first case in recent history separation of the Christian
territory from the Islamic state. Yes, to the fore were exposed the religious differences, which was the
main argument for the separation of the south. Exactly Christian south wants independence from the
Muslim north. But, the cost of independence is very expensive. So, after the gaining of independence
South Sudan has been in ambiguous position. Allegedly he was self-sufficient, Khartoum didn’t
command here, but it turned out that there is nothing to live. However, the self-proclaimed
"independence" and related ceremonies were held in the South quite civilized. "South Sudan is the
youngest country in the world. At a ceremony in the capital Juba attended UN Secretary General Ban
Ki-moon and Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir . Sudan became the first state, which announced the
official recognition of its southern neighbor "- passed the world's media. The Government of the
Republic of South Sudan for the first time since independence has approved a new official map of the
country on which part of the disputed border region Heglig assigned to the Southern Sudan. These areas
are shown in republican maps of RSS, as the territory of Southern Sudan.By the way the same areas
included in the Republic of Sudan’s maps . The agreed draft agreement on the demarcation of the border
between Sudan and South Sudan remained unsigned because of the military conflict that broke out on
the border between the two countries, with a total length of about 1,800 kilometers. No boundaries –
problems exists.. Each of the parties - Khartoum and Juba - believes that oil region belongs to them .
Southerners insisting that the territory of Heglig, which produces about half of Sudan oil (about 115
214
thousand barrels per day), belongs to them. In turn, the northerners refer to the decision of the Permanent
Court of Arbitration in The Hague from 2009, according to which the disputed area related to their
territory. While lawyers thought about this situation , Sudan Air Force on 12 April 2012 started bombing
South Sudanese territory. Then the Sudan army launched an offensive on the position of the Southern
Sudan in the area of Heglig. The carnage began serious, so neighbors are excited. Ugandan forces have
directly threatened to intervene to the conflict between Sudan and South Sudan if the confrontation of
these countries will take a full-scale war. April 17 parliament of Sudan Government declared an
"enemy" the Southern Sudan .Khartoum insists that the neighboring state illegally occupies a region of
Heglig. In the end, the sound of explosions in Heglig reached the ears of the UN, and under pressure
from the international community Juba brought out its troops, stating that "will seek to determine the
status of Heglig through international arbitration.
In front of us a rich country, which for a long time did not want to be influenced by another states.
But Western countries for many years tried to split the country and they did it. I remembered a story
about boy. Who divided a worm into two. When somebody asked why he did it, he replied that the
worm was boring and now there are two worms . They are much more fun.What I want to say . Sudan
was not bored . Britain and the United States were bored , which actively encouraged the Sudanese
"southerners" to separate - again, just repeat the scenario of a native American Civil War, when the
southern states decided to secede. In my opinion separation of Sudan into two states initiated by the
United States and approved by the United Nations - a continuation of the double standards policy, which
has become a norm of international behavior of America even during the NATO’s aggression against
Yugoslavia and the secession of Kosovo from Serbia. So by the prepared former Yugoslavia scheme
was carried out dismemberment of Sudan into two governmental territory: the South Sudan (mostly
Christian) and Sudan (mostly Muslim). America was fixed in the Sudan under the pretext of supporting
"democratic values." It is advantageous to the United States that after the division of Sudan both sides
guided only by the United States. Sudan, as such, no longer exists, and its oil will use Americans and
members of their team.
Southern tribes (about 600) and small groups themselves are torn apart by internal contradictions.
Only in 2009 there were several tribal clashes associated with the struggle for cattle and pastures. It is
not hard to guess that now tribal clashes in South Sudan caused by the struggle for humanitarian aid and
revenue from the sale of energy, will resume with renewed vigor. For example , the dispute over oil rich
region Abyei. This ethno-confessionally mixed area where politically dominated branch Negroid Dinka
and the Arab-Muslim minority. Here overlie the main deposits of Sudan's oil, it became the object of
intense rivalry between Washington, Paris and Beijing .Thus, the source of instability in this part of
Africa is guaranteed for a long time. So, incitement "internal conflict" and problems of "terrorism" in
Africa is part of a deliberate strategy used by the US and its NATO allies to open the door to the African
continent on the guise of so-called "global war on terror." It was this advertised to the whole world "war
on terror" in the eyes of the world should justify US military presence already on the African continent.
Therefore, it passed quietly, without discrimination in the media, the creation of the Pentagon
AFRICOM (Joint Military Command for Africa) - African version of NATO, which was created to
establish control of Washington over as "intolerant", but exactly called in the 60s, "black continent ".
We must pay tribute to Washington's strategy - they see prospects, and that can not be taken away. The
prospects for Africa are - according to all forecasts this continent can become a source of natural
resources, which will provide a new stage of development of mankind in the XXI century . It is no secret
that the US and its allies have laid considerable budget to fight with the same terrorist organizations
with which they collaborated, they are encouraged, nurtured, armed and fetus throughout Africa -
Somalia, Sudan, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Algeria, Nigeria, etc. As though the second edition of
the colonial system. Let me remind vivid recognition of the former Allied Commander of NATO US
Army General Wesley Clark in an interview with Amy Goodman of "Voice of America" 2 March, 2007.
215
When he spoke about the developed in 2001 the US government's plans to attack 7 countries - Iraq,
Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Somalia, Sudan and Iran:
“This is a memo that describes how we’re going to take out seven countries in five years, starting with
Iraq, and then Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Somalia, Sudan and, finishing off, Iran.”
Today, in 2015, the list, voiced by General Wesley Clark, you can bring the International Criminal Court
and won the case!
“Washington can not exist without conflict,” - notices Paul Craig Roberts, Assistant Secretary of the
Treasury under President Reagan. Lately he is distinguished by sharp and honest performances, which
reveals the hidden sense of American politics.
However, South separation does not cancel its close economic bindings to the north, where
concentrated the whole port infrastructure, storage and pipelines. Currently 1 to 2 million of people
from the southern regions are living in the north , and many of them are thoroughly incorporated into
the administration and economic life of the North. At now, condition in South Sudan is softened. The
government of RSS and opposition are signed truce.But, relations between Republic of Sudan and
Republic of South Sudan are not good . In the two countries rebels are still active. Khartoum accuses
Juba of supporting the rebels of the Sudan Revolutionary Front, which from April step up military action
against the government army in the South Kordofan wilayat, and have taken a series of attacks on
villages in North Kordofan.As you can see these are the consequences of external interference to the
internal issues of one country . It isn’t only one country which became a target of foreign affairs of
superpowers. You can observe presence of another country or allied force in the cases of two Koreas,
Irelands, Yugoslavia and so forth .
References
1)Deng D.Akol Ruay, December 1994. “ ThePolitics of Two Sudan:The South and the North 1821-
1968”. p.34-40
2) Henry Temple, 3
rd
Viscount Palmerston Quotes .
http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Henry_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston
3)Derek Hopwood,September 30,1991. “Egypt 1945-1990:Politics and Society” p.30-33
4) History of Sudan.
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa86
5) Mark C. Hackett, Special to the Pulitzer Center.
April 12, 2010 . Modern History of Conflict in
Sudan
http://pulitzercenter.org/blog/news-points/modern-history-conflict-sudan
6) UNHCR. Human Development Index in 2010.
http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refdaily?pass=463ef21123&id=5361dd1d8
7) SUDAN: CHINA’S OUTPOST IN AFRICA
http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=3898&no_cache=
1
8)The Day After Independence.
http://exodus.msf.org/en/southsudan.html
9)Heglig Crisis .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heglig_Crisis
10) China Wins the Influence Game in South Sudan.
http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/2014/12/04/china-wins-the-influence-game-in-south-sudan/
11) Ty McCormick .December 16,2013. Unmade in the USA.
https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/25/unmade-in-the-usa-south-sudan-bush-obama/
12)Wars planned-Seven Countries in five Years: General Wesley Clark
http://yournewswire.com/wars-were-planned-seven-countries-in-five-years-general-wesley-clark-
video/
216
13) Paul Craig Roberts. Disinformation On Every Front
http://www.phibetaiota.net/2012/05/paul-
craig-roberts-disinformation-lies-from-left-to-right-why-the-military-industrial-complex-consistently-
assassinates-or-impeaches-presidents-who-cross-them/
УДК 31:001.12/18
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |