References
1 Mynbayeva A.K., Sadvokasova Z.M. Innovatsionnye metody obucheniya ili kak interesno prepodavat. - Almaty, 2012. –355 s.
2 Fizika. Programmy dlya 8-9 klassov obrazovatel’noy shkoly s russkim yazykom obucheniya. – Almaty. – 2004. –15s.
3 Mynbaeva A.K., Sadvokasova Z.M. Iskusstvo prepodavaniya: kontseptsii i innovatsionnye metody obucheniya. – Almaty.
– 2013. –228s.
4 Shakhmaev N.M., Shilov V.A. Fizicheskiy eksperiment v sredney shkole. – Moskva, 1989. – 255 s.
5 Fizika karatje. // Karavan. – 2002. – 2 ijunja.
6 Uroki vedut veterany Velikoy Otechestvennoy //Fizika v shkole. – 1985. – №3. – S. 8-9.
7 Uoker Dzh. Fizicheskiy feyerverk. – Moskva. – 1988. –298 s.
8 Bludov M.I. Besedy po fizike Ch.1. – Moskva. – 1972. – 175 s.
Р.А. Аканова, А.А. Абдрахметова. Физиканы оқыту әдістемесі бойынша семинар сабақтарында кейс-әдісін
қолдану.
Мақалада кейс-әдісінің мағынасы, оның түрлері қарастырылған, «Физиканы оқытудың әдістемесі және теориясы»
пәні бойынша семинар сабақтарында кейс-әдісінің қолданылуы негізделген, нақты бір тақырып бойынша құрастырылған
№ 3 (112) 2016
29
кейстерге мысалдар келтірілген. Мақала оқытудың ұйымдастырушылық нысанының тиімділігін арттырудағы
маңызды мәселелеріне арналған. Семинар сабақтары, оқытудың бір нысаны ретінде, білім алушыларды оқу-танымдық
іс-әрекетінде көбірек өз бетінше жұмыс жасауына бағыттайды. Білім берудің кредиттік технологиясы жағдайында
инновациялық әдістердің бірі - кейс-әдісін қолдану маңызды.
Түйін сөздер: кейс-әдіс, физиканы оқытудың теориясы мен әдістемесі, семинар сабақтары, дене импульсі,
импульстің сақталу заңы.
R.А. Аkanova, А.А. Аbdrakhmetova. Use of case-method on seminar classes by the technique of training to physics.
The article presents the essence of case-method and the case-methods types. The use of case-method in seminars on the subject
“Theory and methods of teaching physics” is justified; the examples of the developed cases on a certain subject are provided.
The article is devoted to an actual problem - increase of efficiency of the organizational forms of study. Seminars as one form of
education focuses students for manifestation of high level of independence in educational-cognitive activity. Sincehave conditions
of credit technology of study, it is necessary to use one of innovative methods – a case-method.
Keywords: case-method, theory and methods of teaching physics, seminars, body momentum, the law of conservation of
momentum.
Поступила в редакцию 26.02.2016.
UDK 81’23
D.B. AKYNOVA, A.B. ALSHABAYEVA
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana
TO THE ISSUE OF INTERFERENCE AS A LINGUISTIC PHENOMENON
The article reveals the origin of the term ‘linguistic interference’ and its development in linguistics of foreign countries and
Kazakhstan. The interference phenomenon is seen as problematic in learning a foreign language. It describes examples of linguis-
tic interference on different levels and identifies ways of overcoming.
Key words: language, interference, teaching, foreign language.
The increasing number of people around the world uses not only their native language but also other foreign
languages due to the development of international contacts and globalization processes. Currently the majority of
them are reading, speaking, listening to the radio, and writing the second and even the third languages. The media is
increasingly using the words associated with the mastery of not only two, but also three, and more languages which
undoubtedly arises the issues of bilingualism and multilingualism.
In the linguistic queries of last centuries the problem of bilingualism is given a special attention. A common
understanding of the term is a person’s ability to use two languages alternatively for communication systems [1, 7].
Bilingualism has a long history and wide prevalence in the world, but continues to be phenomenal because it covers
not only personal communication but also it is considered to be typical for various societies. According to E. Haugen,
“bilingualism begins at the moment when speaking one language can produce a full, meaningful statements in anoth-
er language” [2, 65]. U. Weinreich noted that bilingualism is the alternate use of several languages whereas languages
have different functional load, limiting functions of the non-native language” [3, 9].
Knowledge of a foreign language at a limited level in the human mind may lead to the kind of «confusion» - the
structure of one language is imposed on the structure of the other, then there is an interference of two linguistic
systems, their partial assimilation of each other which can be defined as the influence of one language (or variety)
on another in the speech of bilinguals who use both languages [3, 12]. Initially, the term interference (from the latin
“Inter” – mutually, between themselves and “ferio” - hit, run through) is used in the exact sciences in the meaning of
interaction, mutual influence, the result of which may be positive or negative. It is now widely used in linguistics and
methods of teaching a foreign language.
The term «linguistic interference» was introduced by representatives of Prague School that define it as a deviation
process from the norms of contact languages. Thus W. Weinreich called interference as a deviation from the norms of
any language, which occurs in bilingual speech as a result of mastery of two or more languages, this is the “invasion
of one language system to another” [3, 27]. By E. Haugen’s definition, inteference is described as cases of deviation
from the norms of the language appearing in the speech of bilingual as a result of acquiring other language [2, 62].
Л.Н. Гумилев атындағы ЕҰУ Хабаршысы
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As for the Russian scholars, they basically share the views of their predecessors. V.V. Klimov (after U. Weinreich)
assumed that the interference is the result of superposition of the two systems in speech production [4, 287]. Accord-
ing to L.I. Barannikova, the interference is a change in the structure or the elements of the structure of a language
influenced the other [5, 88]. V.Y.Rosenzweig defines interference as a violation of the rules of correlation contact lan-
guages by bilingual, which appears in his/her speech as the deviation from the norm. E.M. Akhunzyanov wrote that in
the broadest sense interference is a change in the structure or the elements of the structure of language influenced the
other, and it does not matter whether it is native, primordial for speaking a language or a second language, since inter-
ference may implemented in both directions [6, 82]. N.B. Mechkovskaya defines interference as errors in a speech in
a foreign language, due to the influence of the native language [7, 368]. V.A. Vinogradov offers the following defini-
tion: “Interference is the interaction of two language systems in a bilingual which happens when language contact is
taking place, or at individual learning a non-native language”. In addition to that he concerns that the deviation from
the norm of non-native language by the influence of the mothertongue is the expression of the interference.
In regard to Kazakhstani researches to the problem of bilingualism and interference, such professors as A.E. Kar-
linsky, Z.K. Akhmetzhanova, M.M.Kopylenko and others made a great contribution in this area. Almost all aspects
of interference are written in the research papers of well-known linguists. A.E. Karlinsky confirms that bilingualism
theory combines all problems related to diglots and socials. We will call those people “bilingual” who use two lan-
guages in their speech production and who are able to comprehend and reproduce statements in a second language.
Moreover, A.E. Karlinsky encourages the foreign scholars’ view about interference and claims that deviations from
standards in bilinguals’ speech under the influence of first language [8, 86]. Z.K. Akhmetzhanova in her turn also
commented interference as the deviation occurring in a given language, which appears in bilingual speech as a result
of using two or more languages [9, 3].
From the perspective of foreign language teaching interference is determined as an admission of various discrep-
ancies in relation to the norms of the language being studied under the influence of the native one. In this regard,
the interference is considered to be a negative phenomenon, since the proficiency in language skills of the native
language provokes errors in bilingual speech in the target language. A.A. Reformatsky wrote that to master a foreign
language people must first master their language skills of native language [10, 27].
Later the interference was regarded not only as a negative but also as a positive phenomenon, which can contrib-
ute to the study of languages. Thus, positive and negative interferences are accentuated. K.K. Platonov introduces the
concept of «interference skills» that can reduce or enhance new skills under the influence of the existing one.
A.M. Akhunzyanov offers a broad understanding of the interference of the changes in the structure or in the
elements of the structure of language influenced the other, he considers interference as a positive phenomenon, con-
tributing to the mutual enrichment of languages in contact, and opposes interference transference as the unconscious
erroneous transfer rules of the native language to the target language [6, 109].
So, taking into consideration definitions of well-known linguists, it becomes clear that interference is the phenom-
enon of bilingual environment which is characterized by the different influences of the first language in learning and
production the second language. Having recognized the nature of the interference, the other newsworthy question is
about reasons of its existence. Diverse scholars refer to many factors that contribute interference. There are the most
common ones:
First, bilingual background of the speaker. Bilingualism is the major factor of interference as the speaker is influ-
enced by both of the source and the target language. A student from Kazakhstan who is studying a foreign language
tends to put his the Kazakh language into target language.
Second, the limited vocabulary of target language mastered by a learner. The vocabulary of a certain language
mostly is about words of surroundings connected to life. Thus, a learner who is willing to master another language
will meet new words which differ from his native words. The vocabulary plays a big role to be able to speak more or
like as the native speaker. A foreign language learner will try to put deliberately his native word to state some points
where he cannot find the best words.
Third, needs of synonym. Synonym in language usage plays an important role not to repeat similar word during
the communication process (redundancy). Implementing synonym in a language contact will contribute to interfer-
ence in the form of adoption and borrowing of new words from the second language. Thus, need of synonym for
certain word is seemingly aimed to intensify meaning.
Fourth, prestige and style. Applying unfamiliar words (foreign words) during a communication practice tends to
increase the quality of the speech from the perspectives of both, speaker and listener. Those unfamiliar words’ usage
is aimed to get a pride. Interference will appear as there are certain words even though the receiver probably cannot
catch the real idea of the speech. The usual unfamiliar words usage will become a style of the user. Unfortunately, the
user sometimes does not understand the real meaning whether the meaning is denotative or connotative. The common
feature is that many language users put derivational affix –ization in every word. To note, affix –ization is an adopting
and borrowing process from English to state nouns [11, 163].
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It is believed that linguistic interference is one of the fundamental difficulties faced by the learners of second lan-
guages. Judging by the experience we can assume that problems are mainly caused by the lack of substantial knowl-
edge of lexical and grammatical structures and aspects of the target language. The main differences are the source of
interference in the relationship between languages in the phonemic composition, grammatical categories and ways of
expression, etc. According to A.L.Pumpyansky, the main causes of errors include:
1) conviction of the uniqueness of the words and grammatical forms;
2) mixing the graphic appearance of the word;
3) the use of false analogies;
4) translation of words to more specific meaning than they actually are;
5) inability to find an anolgue for the Russian translation of English words, lexical and grammatical combinations;
6) lack of knowledge of the laws of scientific and technical presentation of the material and the method of trans-
mission of the Russian language [12, 5].
While observing the process of teaching and learning English as a second language, we have noticed the influence
of native language interference, which can occur in different situations while teaching different aspects of English.
Interference is appeared in professionally oriented intercultural communication and professionally oriented transla-
tion as follows:
1) Sound (phonetic, phonological and sound-reproduction) interference;
2) Spelling interference;
3) Grammatical (morphological, syntactic and punctuation) interference;
4) Lexical interference;
5) Semantic interference;
6) The stylistic interference;
It should be noted that phonetic interference affects the improper pronunciation of phonetic sounds in the second
language caused by the existence of different phonetic structures from the point of view of the mother tongue or the
first foreign language. Thus, for instance at the beginners’ level the words ‘cat, claim’ may be spelled as ‘sat, slime’
Spelling interference has a negative impact on the spelling of words in one language similar to another language
in which they are written differently. Spelling interference manifests itself misspelled words similar to the words of
the native language: For example: the common word ‘business’ has different variants in students’ works.
Exposure to the grammatical structure of the native language on second language speech bilingual manifested in
the confusion of the meaning of cases, as e.g. a function of prepositions, in violation of the order of words, the lack
of harmonization in the way in number and case. The good illustration of the given interference’s type is the sentence
‘In the room are a lot of desks’. Furthermore, learners also often mix tense forms. They preferably use past simple
instead of present perfect while describing a complete action. It seems them difficult to understand the need of perfect
forms, as they don’t know the corresponding tense form similar to present perfect in Kazakh. For instance, learners
often say: “I wrote my homework”, rather than “I have written my homework” in spite of the fact, that there is no past
simple time marker given in the sentence.
Lexical interference is defined as borrowing lexemes from foreign language at bilingualism which is expressed in
the transfer or in the sequence of phonemic structure of one language to another, or shifts in the structure of the lex-
eme values of the native language, or in education, copied the models of foreign words. Typical examples of lexical
interference are: the wrong use of words, narrowing or expansion of the word meaning, formation of non-existing
lexical items using foreign suffixes.
Semantic interference manifests itself at the level of the meaning of words. It is related to the fact that well-known
speaker events are reflected in a foreign language other than in your own: For example: Brown bread, brown hair,
red hair
But, it also happens when the speaker chooses the incorrect word from a number of stylistic synonyms, in connec-
tion with what is changing the style statement, even though the object in question may remain the same. For example,
the Kazakh word word ‘сөйлеу’ corresponds to two English verbs which differ in style: a neutral variant ‘speak’
and conversational ‘talk’. In case of wrong choice with regard to the specific speech situation, you can observe the
phenomenon of stylistic interference.
A person studying a foreign language, rarely passes interference phenomenon. It usually affects a foreign lan-
guage learning by means of the native language, but at an advanced stage of studying there may be a controversial
issue: when the FL influences the mother tongue. Furthermore, the socio-cultural interference is not caused by the
system of language and culture, where the language is displayed. Interference occurs when one of the participants in
the communication receives similar realities, phenomena, norms of behavior in another culture through the prism of
their internalized model outlook. For example, in response to answers ‘please’, ‘thank you’, or a lengthy explanation
in response to the phrase ‘how are you’. Interference can be expressed orally and in writing, as well as at all language
Л.Н. Гумилев атындағы ЕҰУ Хабаршысы
32
levels. One student in the letter was the following sentence: For example: “I in China on one week”. Here there are
two kinds of interference: grammar and vocabulary. Under the influence of the first statement the verb was missed (it
is not necessary in Russian and Kazakh), and the latter influenced by replacing preposition.
There are other classifications of language interference. According to the matter involved there are two types of
interference - interlanguage and intralanguage, and two type according to form - implicit and explicit [13].
In teaching English as a second language to students studying at school the most common mistakes occur in inter-
language interference. In this case mistakes appear because of the negative transfer of habits from the native language
(sometimes from the first foreign language that is supposed to be in very good command) to the second language, in
this instance English. Typical examples for interlanguage interference are statements like: ‘She 21’ instead of ‘She
is 21’.
Intralanguage interference occurs when learners make mistakes under the influence of the already acquired lan-
guage knowledge and established habits in the foreign language: ‘If I was a millionaire, I would buy a castle’ instead
of ‘If I were a millionaire’. These mistake is a result from acquired knowledge of past tense and automatically usage
of same rules in Passive voice.
Interference is explicit in cases when learners make mistakes in oral and written foreign language expression
transferring language habits from the native to the foreign language and thus they ignore the norms of foreign speech.
With implicit interference learners do not make mistakes because they avoid using grammatical and lexical difficulty
constructing phrases without it. In this way there are no mistakes but the speech becomes simpler and poorer and it
loses its expressive and idiomatic aspect.
So, G.M.Vishnevskaya as a basis for her classification of the interference phenomenon takes a degree of under-
standing of bilingual speech (in the broadest sense of the word) by a native speaker.
From this perspective, the following types of interference are given:
- Interference, difficult to understand (in this case, a common understanding of the intentions of the speaker
speech is preserved);
- Interference violates comprehension (understanding and common intention of the speaker are not equal);
- Interference prevents an understanding of target language structure (in this case the complete lack of understand-
ing) [14, 41].
In conclusion it became clear that second language learners appear to accumulate structural entities of the target
language but demonstrate difficulty in organising this knowledge into appropriate, coherent structures at different
levels. The mother tongue has established the learners’ language world and has acquainted students with the prob-
lems of language phenomena and therefore it is the mother tongue which will enable them to acquire a new language
world. The interference of language is the assimilation of norms of language in learning another. The phenomenon
of linguistic interference is seen at almost all levels of the language. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the impact
of the mother tongue in the study of foreign languages and try to avoid errors and slips of automatic switching from
first language to the second.
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