Вестник КазНМУ, №3 (1) - 2013
186
www.kaznmu.kz
УДК 614.253.52:616-039.75.007
K.A. TULEBAYEV, D.S. MARTKENOVA
Kazakh National Medical University named after S.D. Asfendiyarov
HEALTH AND FORMING HEALTHY LIFESTYLE AMONG THE STUDENTS OF SPAIN
Nowadays, considering the health and health care in Kazakhstan we identify the main problems of healthy lifestyle among students.
This article focuses on the lifestyle and behavior of students in the European Union, by the example of Spain. The study was
conducted among Spanish University Students.
Keywords: students, academic discipline, alcohol, eating disorders, health, gender, physical activity, Spain, tobacco, university.
Relevance of the scientific article. Nowadays changes in all
people’s life spheres inevitably increase: technology
development, availability of various resources, social role
changes and many other novelties caused human life getting
more and more complex. Modern society challenges affect
young people as well in one way or another and make some
of them choose unhealthy lifestyle (e.g., to smoke, to
immoderately use alcohol, to eat unhealthy food and other).
Unhealthy lifestyle in its turn, has negative effect on
physiological, psychological wellbeing, blocks the road for
seeking improvement, personal growth and optimal
functioning (Sari, 2003). It partly encouraged changing the
attitude to health.
World health organization characterizes health as a state of
complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity (Üstün and Jakob,
2005). The reflection of two important aspects is seen in this
definition. First, well-being is emphasized as a health
criterion (Strobe, 2000; Ryff, Singer, 2005; Comptom, 2005).
Scientific researches started to be oriented not only to
illness treatment, but also to health improvement,
individual’s personal growth, because the attitude has
formed in the society, that struggle with illnesses, their
treatment is not a sufficient way seeking to help individuals
live healthily. Thus, place for prevention has occurred in the
care of public health system, which would obligate to accept
favourable decisions for health strengthening; prevention’s
importance to person’s health has been perceived (Sari,
2003). Second, from medical attitude to health has been
moved to systematic, when not only physical, but
psychological and social health aspects become important.
Constant growth of bad habits, spread of unbalanced
nutrition, hypodynamy and unsafe treatment, non-
observance of work and rest regimen, going through stress
situations, negatively influence society’s (and especially
youth’s) health (Gaižauskienė, Stankuvienė, Petrauskienė,
Kevalas, 2006). Scientists are looking for the most suitable
solution to lessen the risk factors, related with lifestyle.
Positive psychology supporters pay great attention to
person’s inner recourses, which could induce to practise
healthy lifestyle and could improve subjective evaluation of
one’s health (Smith, Young, Lee, 2004; Comptom, 2005). One
of the inner recourses is considered psychological hardiness
(Bartone, Roland, Picano, Williams, 2008). The other authors
emphasize, that the influence of hardiness is indirect; it
reveals itself through stress regulation, and hard people
react more favourably to stressful situations, so reaction
caused by stress becomes more favourable to health
(Wiebe, McCollum, 1986).Literature analysis showed, that
investigating lifestyle peculiarities between sexes, it is
difficult to say, who (women or men) live healthier;
sometimes scientists tend to valuate women lifestyle more
favourably (that it is healthier than men) (Sari, 2003).
Speaking about lifestyle differences related with age,
lifestyle is getting better going to senior age stages (Monk et
al, 2006; Zakotnik, 2002). Worse health valuation is
characteristic to adolescence period, in comparison with
senior age periods (Vingilis, Wade and Seeley, 2002),
however, all the same, the tendency dominates, that with
the age subjective health valuation of both sexes is getting
worse.It is obvious, that healthy lifestyle problem remains
urgent. Especially important are youth’s healthy lifestyle
investigations on different aspects.
This article discusses the research, which was organized in
Spain.
Study Design and Sample. A transversal descriptive study
was carried out including all students registered during the
2009/2010 academic year in the Pontevedra Campus of the
University of Vigo (Spain). The 2009/2010
academic year was
chosen, as it was the last period before the academic system
went through adjustment due to the launch of the
'European Higher Education Area'. The sample size was
calculated with a 90% (1 – α) confidence level, of which the
accuracy (d) will be 1%, the expected proportion will be 50%
and the expected missing data will be 4%. The sample was
divided into three groups according to the kind of university
degree that the participants were studying ( Table 1 ). Group
A was composed of students who were training to become
health professionals; Group B included students doing an
education-related degree and Group C included those
students registered in university degrees related to
professional fields which differed from the aforementioned
groups. Data collection took place during a regular class of
the subject with the highest number of matriculated
students for the course and the chosen university degree
selected, to minimize losses. An “ ad hoc ” questionnaire
was voluntarily and anonymously self-answered by the
students. All participants gave their informed and written
consent and received a small gift in appreciation for their
time. The study obtained the approval of the university's
Students Vice-Chancellery and the government bodies of the
involved academic centres. It was also assessed and
approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Vigo.
Вестник КазНМУ, №3 (1) - 2013
188
www.kaznmu.kz
no significant differences have been found amongst females
according to the academic discipline. Regarding men, those
who were studying education-related degrees showed
higher prevalence of DEA than the rest of the sample,
though this result may be a spurious finding due to the bias
caused by the low rate of answers obtained from that group.
Yet this difference could derive from the fact that males
regard DEA as something typically feminine and alien to
their health habits.
Given these findings, we can establish that there is a need of
health-promoting interventions to reduce these problems in
the university environment, but fundamentally oriented to
women. Thus, new tools should be researched for the
assessment of DEA in males in order to improve the rate of
answered questions and obtain more reliable results.
The present study shows a general high percentage of
students who consumed alcohol (77%), especially at
weekends and in high doses. No significant differences were
found among students from the three different degrees,
which is consistent with other studies on adolescents and
university students in Spain [14,15]. In terms of binge
drinking, and taking into account women’s different
physiological characteristics, the observed proportion of
heavy episodic drinkers was significantly higher among
females than in males, 56%
vs. 41%. This value could have
been influenced by the sample distribution and by the fact
that female university students tend to mirror the
behaviours of their male peers regarding alcohol
consumption [5]. Recent studies have also found higher
percentages up to 63% for men and 83% for
women in terms
of binge drinking among university students [27].
Nonetheless, the lack of consistent criteria to define episodic
drinkers [16,17], and the high cut-off point established for
Spanish populations, limits the comparison of these findings
across studies [18]. The relation between the academic
discipline and alcohol use is not clear among university
students from the three groups, since no significant
differences were observed. Furthermore, a similar level of
alcohol consumption was reported in other studies, where
the influence of chosen university course seemed to have
little or non-influence on their attitude towards alcoholic
beverages [7,8,19].
In terms of tobacco consumption, our findings showed a
slightly higher prevalence of tobacco use amongst university
students, in comparison with other university populations
from Spain. The mean value is superior than the results from
two studies carried out amongst Medicine students (26.1%)
and Physiotherapy and Nursing students (27.3%), in 2009
and 2011, respectively [20,21]. However, worldwide studies
have reported a prevalence of smoking amongst university
students with a similar range of consumption as we present
in this study. In this regard, for male students the rate
ranged between 23% and 44% and for females a more varied
9% to 46% [3].
Our results indicate a significant difference amongst
students from the three different academic trainings. Thus,
the lowest rate of smokers was reported in Group A, which
is consistent with a tendency towards quitting tobacco
observed in Spanish students doing health-related university
degrees [8,22]. However, non-significant differences of
tobacco consumption were observed between both genders.
This could be interpreted as an indicator of the stage III in
the tobacco epidemic, [23] which refers to a break in the
habit of men and a global maintenance of the habit among
women. It seems to be necessary to intervene this situation
through prevention and controlling mechanisms fostered by
academic training.
On the other hand, a high prevalence of illegal drugs use has
indeed been identified, which is a common habit among
university students [24]. The established significant
differences, where the highest prevalence of consumption
was reported by males and particularly by males from group
C, follow previous reports [25]. However, the percentage of
women who consumed illegal drugs cannot be considered as
low, since a third percent of them appeared to take a drug of
some kind. We have to take into account that similar
patterns of consumption have been described by other
studies, where the most popular drug was cannabis [9,25].
Furthermore, the fact that the lowest percentage of illegal
drug use was reported by students from Group A can, to
some extent, account for the association between tobacco
and cannabis consumption described by several authors
[26,27]. Therefore, tobacco consumption could be
considered as a gateway for illegal drugs use, especially
cannabis. Subsequently, a positive linear regression could be
identified between the two variables, but the influence of
this correlation in this sample is not clear. Future
investigations should continue exploring this correlation and
targeting interventions to reduce drugs use in the university
setting.
To sum up our findings, it seems that the survey confirms
previous reports where the university population show high
prevalence of unhealthy habits. In general our students
showed a very low level of PA and a
high percentage of them
could be identified as heavy episodic drinkers. Besides, high
levels of tobacco use and illicit drugs were reported.
However, students of health-related undergraduate degrees
appeared to be more active, smoke less and use illegal
substances less frequently. Although different health
patterns have been observed between students from the
three different groups, a firm association between the
academic discipline and the higher or lower prevalence of
healthy habits cannot be made due to the cross-Emailal
design of the study. Furthermore, it is not known if such
differences are due to the selected academic discipline alone
or due to additional external factors. Our obtained results do
however allow us to establish that university education does
not provide a sufficient stimulus to encourage a healthy
lifestyle amongst its students. Moreover, clear differences
have been found regarding the habits of males and females
students, which could be accounted for/by gender
differences in aspects like dealing with critical life events,
stress, and psychological resources, to which females are
more sensitive than males [6].
Given all of the above, implementing new actions to
promote a healthy lifestyle are required to a significant
extent. This can be achieved through programs oriented
towards an increased knowledge of the risk and
consequences of unhealthy behaviours, but especially by
encouraging a change in attitudes towards lifestyles at this
pivotal stage in young people's lives. According to our
findings, to be able to achieve a successful reduction in the
prevalence of unhealthy habits, these strategies must
incorporate gender differences, and be campus-wide whilst
strongly focusing on faculties and schools themselves.
Conclusions.Physical inactivity, smoking and alcohol
consumption are risk factors found to significant extent
amongst Spanish university students. This situation seems to
be more conspicuous in women. Although there have been
clear differences established in terms of lifestyle across
academia disciplines, it hasn’t been possible to show a firm