Supervision and control: the provincial government is responsible for the
registration of co-operatives, and regular supervision of registered co-
operatives. The Trentino Federation of Co-operatives is responsible for the
management of financial statements and accounts.
Business services: the provincial government provides specific financial
incentives for co-operatives to invest in innovation and new technologies. This
includes the certification of activities or products, adoption of new production
practices, expansion of administrative or commercial business functions, and
study initiatives.
55
Co-operative culture: the region of Trentino-Alto Adige has established a fund
to finance initiatives from co-operatives, consortia and associations to promote
and develop a culture of co-operation.
Source:
OECD (2014), “The
co-operative model in Trentino (Italy): A case s
tudy”
, OECD LEED Trento
Centre for Local Development, Trento.
Registration of co-operatives
As legal entities, co-operatives must be registered with the authorities in order
to operate and conduct transactions. To help encourage the formation of new co-
operatives, the government should establish a streamlined system and institutional
framework to allow for the registration of agricultural co-operatives in a rapid,
simple, affordable and efficient manner (ILO, 2002). In particular, the ability to
refuse an application for registration or to delist a registered co-operative must be
strictly limited by law, to prevent discretionary decisions from the registration
authority.
Delegating responsibility for the registration of co-operatives to a specialised
office with experience in and knowledge about co-operatives can be an effective
way to streamline registration procedures (Henrÿ, 2012). Box 2 provides an
overview of the co-operative registration process in Georgia, which has recently
been introduced within the new Agency for the Development of Agricultural Co-
operatives.
Box 2.
Georgia’s Agency for the Development of Agricultural Co
-operatives
On 11 November 2013, Georgia established a special state agency within the
Ministry of Agriculture, the Agency for the Development of Agricultural Co-operatives. The
agency was set up as an independent regulatory body within the government, to support
the commercialisation of small-
scale farms and improve smallholders’ access to market
services, infrastructure and credit. It followed the adoption of a new law on agricultural co-
operatives in July 2013. Under the new legislation, co-operatives are eligible for similar tax
exemptions applied to agricultural producers, including the property tax on assets used for
production, grants for agriculture and profit tax on annual revenues.
The main responsibilities of the agency include implementation of the government’s
strategy for the development of co-operatives, registration of co-operatives, provision of
training, advice and information to co-operatives, monitoring and evaluation, and the
organisation of conferences, consultations and seminars covering relevant topics and
56
issues. The agency is also implementing an information and education programme to raise
awareness on the benefits of co-operatives in rural areas.
The new agency can be considered a positive step for co-operative development as it
places a deliberate emphasis on the registration of co-operatives within the public service.
Registered co-operatives are eligible for government support, on the condition that they
periodically report data and information to the agency. This strengthens the agency’s
capacity to closely monitor the development of agricultural co-operatives.
Source:
Agenda.ge (30 November 2013), “Agriculture cooperatives –
commercial harvesting ideas for
farmers”, Agenda.ge website,
http://agenda.ge/article/106/eng
, accessed September 2014; Lerman, Z.
and D. Sedik (2014b), “Cooperatives in the CIS and Georgia: Overview of Legislation”,
Policy Studies
on Rural Transition, No. 2014-2, FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Budapest.
Recommendations: reform the legal and regulatory framework for agricultural
co-operatives
A comprehensive reform effort is needed to provide agricultural co-operatives
in Kazakhstan with a policy environment that is conducive to growth. Given that co-
operative laws and regulations in OECD countries have evolved over many years,
some polices may not be entirely applicable to the specific local context in
Kazakhstan. The design of laws and regulations should therefore take account of the
current situation in Kazakhstan, using international experience as a guide. Reforms
should focus on improving the legislative environment by introducing a single law
for co-operatives, improving the incentives for farmers to join co-operatives by
removing tax distortions, and simplifying administrative procedures for the
registration of co-operatives.
Action 1: Develop a single law for co-operatives, taking into account international
good practice
The current legislative framework for co-operatives includes five separate laws
and is unnecessarily complicated. Although a new law on co-operatives is currently
being drafted and debated by the parliament, there is still considerable uncertainty
on how to design and structure the new legislation. The new legislation should be
formulated and developed in an open and transparent manner, in consultation with
all relevant stakeholders, including farmers, co-operative organisations, farmers’
associations, employers’ and workers’ organisations, government officials,
educators, researchers and donors.
A single law for co-operatives should be introduced, establishing a definition of
co-operatives and the basic principles for their organisation and governance. The
57
new law should aim to minimise interference and promote the autonomy of co-
operatives, whilst following international guidelines developed by the ICA and ILO.
In particular, the legislation should not place any specific restrictions on the
admission and number of members, the geographic scope of operations, and the
distribution of profits to members.
Action 2: Reduce the tax burden on agricultural co-operatives
Households and individual farms in Kazakhstan are currently faced with a
higher tax burden if they become members of an agricultural co-operative. The
government could improve incentives for small-scale producers to join co-
operatives, by recognising that transactions between co-operatives and their
members involve the distribution of a surplus, not profit. Surpluses can be
transferred to members in the form of dividends and patronage refunds, neither of
which should be liable for taxation. In effect, only the amounts allocated to the co-
operative’s reserve fund and other statutory funds should be accounted for as taxable
profit.
To further support the establishment of new co-operatives, the government
could reduce tax distortions by introducing tax exemptions for transactions between
agricultural co-operatives and their members. Households and individual farms in
Kazakhstan are currently exempt from paying VAT, whereas co-operatives do not
enjoy the same benefits. The removal of VAT obligations on transactions between
co-operatives and their members would substantially improve farmers’ incentives to
join co-operatives.
Action 3: Simplify registration procedures for co-operatives
The government should make an effort to simplify the registration procedures
for co-operatives. Consolidating all administrative procedures within a “single
window” or one-stop-shop is an effective way to reduce the costs of registration and
prevent unnecessary complexities in the registration procedures. These measures
should be accompanied by regulations to shorten the time period for registration,
limit the amount of documentation required, apply the “silence is consent” principle
to applications that have not been officially refused, and require any refusal of
registration or delisting to be justified in writing (Henrÿ, 2012).
Streamlining registration procedures can also help to reduce the number of
inactive or ineffective co-operatives, which are often established to benefit from
government financing. This issue should be addressed by implementing proper
auditing and monitoring procedures for co-operatives, introducing a feasibility study
58
as a registration requirement, and ensuring prompt deregistration of inactive and
bogus co-operatives.
Awareness and trust: education on the benefits of co-operatives can increase
membership and encourage greater involvement and participation from small-
scale farmers
Co-operative development is closely linked to farmers’ awareness of the
benefits of co-operatives and trust in co-operation. In many countries, the prevailing
attitudes and knowledge of farmers and the rural population are influenced by
historical, political and socio-economic factors. For instance, farmers in the
countries of the FSU are often sceptical about the potential benefits of working with
co-operatives due to their negative experience with collective agriculture during the
Soviet period. It is therefore important to complement legal and regulatory reforms
with efforts to promote awareness on the benefits of working with co-operatives.
Kazakhstan should develop a targeted education programme to inform and educate
farmers and other relevant stakeholders about the benefits of working with co-
operatives, and provide information services and technical assistance to existing co-
operatives.
International experience in education on the benefits of co-operatives
Education is essential to increase farmers’ awareness of the benefits of co-
operatives and to strengthen trust in co-operation. Training materials can be
developed for co-operative members and managers with information on the benefits
of co-operatives, guidelines on how to establish and register a co-operative,
examples of successful organisational and management strategies, and specific
advice on the development of policies and legal documents. In addition, information
services and technical assistance are essential to help co-operatives to address
specific problems and challenges.
Education to build awareness on the benefits of co-operatives
A number of countries have implemented successful programmes to educate
farmers on the benefits of agricultural co-operatives. For instance, the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA) Rural Business-Cooperative Service has
developed an extensive set of educational publications available online
5
for
agricultural producers interested in forming a co-operative. Some pertinent examples
include:
59
How to Start a Cooperative. General guidelines on the set up, organisation
and financing of a co-operative, including steps to undertake a feasibility
analysis, obtain capital and develop and implement a business plan.
Co-ops 101 – An Introduction to Cooperatives. A comprehensive summary
of the main features and benefits of co-operatives, covering issues related
to co-operative governance, financial and tax planning, and equity
management.
Vital Steps: A Cooperative Feasibility Study Guide. Detailed advice on
how to conduct a feasibility study for the establishment of a new co-
operative, including criteria on how to select consultants and advisors,
develop project assumptions, and structure a feasibility study report.
Specific guidance is also provided on information to be included in major
sections of the study, such as the industry background, marketing,
operational and technical characteristics, financial statements and
projections.
Sample Legal Documents for Cooperatives. Provides instructions and
examples to assist in the preparation of legal documents for co-operatives,
such as the organisation agreement, articles of incorporation, bylaws,
membership applications and marketing agreements.
Similar examples of educational materials can be found on the website of Co-
operatives UK, the national trade association for co-operatives in the United
Kingdom.
6
For instance:
Corporate Governance Code for Agricultural Co-operatives. A set of
standards to help agricultural co-operatives improve their internal
governance and effectiveness, co-published by Co-operatives UK and the
Scottish Agricultural Organisation Society (SAOS).
Simply Finance. A guide to the various tools available to obtain capital,
including grant funding, supply chain finance, loan finance and equity
finance.
Central governments are generally responsible for the development of
educational programmes and training materials on agricultural co-operatives.
Information can be disseminated in a variety of forms, including websites,
publications, brochures and educational videos, and may be developed in
consultation with key stakeholders such as farmers, co-operatives and co-operative
60
associations. Given that knowledge and understanding of the co-operative system is
often weak in rural areas, educational programmes often cover a broad spectrum of
topics and issues relevant to co-operative development (e.g. co-operative
registration, organisation, financing, governance and management). In this context,
local government representatives play an essential role in motivating and
encouraging rural populations to establish co-operatives that meet a compelling
economic need.
Information services and technical assistance for co-operatives
The provision of information services and technical assistance is fundamental
to strengthening trust and improving farmers’ attitudes towards agricultural co-
operatives. Information services may encompass areas such as market prices,
financial services, taxation and legal matters. They can also include exchanges of
knowledge and experience amongst existing co-operatives, and efforts to raise
awareness on examples of successful co-operatives.
Co-operative Development Centres in the United States, co-funded by co-
operatives and the USDA, are a good example of collaboration between the public
and private sectors for the provision of information services, training and technical
assistance for co-operative members and managers. Their main functions are to
explain the co-operative idea and its benefits to farmers, to provide training in co-
operative management skills, and to provide information on the legal and regulatory
matters needed for the establishment of new co-operatives. In addition, technical
assistance grants are offered for existing and prospective co-operatives to undertake
feasibility studies, evaluate governance structure and design, improve organisation,
conduct member surveys, evaluate potential merger or joint venture opportunities,
and develop strategic marketing or business plans (USDA, 2014b).
The private sector can play an important role in providing technical assistance
and training for the development of agricultural co-operatives. Large-scale
processing facilities and retailers may have a strategic interest in encouraging the
development of agricultural co-operatives, to ensure a steady and reliable supply of
high-quality produce from small-scale farmers. However, the establishment of a
network of efficient and functional agricultural co-operatives may require significant
capital investment over a long timeframe. Box 3 outlines the experience of Pernod
Ricard, Yerevan Brandy Company and PlaNet Finance working together to establish
a wine grower’s co-operative in Armenia.
61
Box 3. Pernod Ricard: Education and extension services for wine-growing co-
operatives in Armenia
Pernod Ricard, a distilled beverage company, and its Armenian subsidiary Yerevan
Brandy Company, have embarked on an innovative project in partnership with PlaNet
Finance, an international NGO. The goal of the project is to increase the incomes and living
standards of winegrowers in Armenia, by establishing a network of 20 wine-growing co-
operatives in 3 regions.
An initial exploratory study was conducted in 2011, including field visits and
interviews with farmers in villages. The assessment identified a strong potential for
productivity increases, through a combination of ploughing activities, improved production
practices and planting of new rootstocks. It was estimated that average yields could grow
by 41% over a period of 5 years, from 11.4 tons per hectare to 16.1 tons per hectare. This
translates to a 15% increase in average farmer incomes, from EUR 406 to EUR 469.
The project began with a pilot programme to establish a single co-operative in the
Tavush region of Armenia. Farmers were provided with training to improve technical skills,
build awareness of the benefits of co-operatives, enhance financial literacy and strengthen
their entrepreneurial skills. In addition, farmers were given access to micro-credit to
facilitate investments in machinery and equipment.
One of the important lessons learnt during this project was how significant the cultural
dimension around co-operatives in agriculture is. Many winegrowers had a negative view of
co-operatives, associating them with collective farming during the Soviet period, excessive
state control and great inefficiencies. Farmers perceived few real benefits and little
compensation from participating in co-operatives. Building a culture of co-operation was
therefore a key focus of the project. This was achieved through strong community
engagement, identification of and agreement on common interests, and a media campaign
to improve the perception of co-operatives amongst the winegrowers.
Source: PlaNet Finance (2014b)
, “Presentation and experience sharing of an agricultural cooperative
building project in Armenia, Tavush marz”, internal working document, September 2014
, PlaNet
Finance.
Recommendations: provide education, information services and technical
assistance to agricultural co-operatives
There are a number of elements that contribute to the lack of awareness and
trust in co-operatives commonly observed in Kazakhstan and across the FSU. First,
there are very few examples of successful agricultural co-operatives in rural areas.
Second, there is a general lack of awareness about co-operatives, with limited
knowledge of their structure, organisation and benefits. Third, farmers have little
trust and confidence in the potential benefits of co-operatives: the term “co-
62
operative” is often associated with a production co-operative, which is a structure
that still exists in Kazakhstan today as a remnant of the former collective farm
system. To address these factors, the government should introduce policies to
educate farmers and build awareness about the benefits of co-operatives, and
provide information and technical assistance to co-operatives. Awareness-raising
should be implemented by secondary co-operative unions, co-operative federations
and NGOs, and conducted at a broad scale with farmers, government officials,
educators, researchers and donors. Moreover, the government should promote
education and training in co-operative principles and practices at all appropriate
levels of the national education and training curricula (ILO, 2002).
Action 1: Educate farmers to build awareness about the benefits of co-operatives
The government should develop a targeted education programme to inform and
educate farmers and other relevant stakeholders on the benefits of working with co-
operatives. The programme should focus on facilitating the establishment of new co-
operatives, by providing farmers with specific information and advice on the
following areas:
Basic education: definition of a co-operative, differences between co-
operatives and other organisational forms, main functions and types of
agricultural co-operatives, benefits of co-operatives, alternatives to the co-
operative model, potential risks and limitations.
Guidance on establishing a new co-operative: the main steps to
undertake when forming a co-operative, including how to conduct a
feasibility study, develop a business plan, register a co-operative, prepare
legal documents and obtain start-up capital.
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