A. Beisenayeva
1
, V. Sirota
1
, T. Magzumova
2
REVEALING CORRELATION BETWEEN CYTOLOGICAL, HISTOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DIAGNOSES
IN PATIENTS WITH TUMORS WITHOUT INITIALLY-IDENTIFIED LESION
1
Karaganda State Medical University,
2
Kokpekty medical clinic Bukhar-Zhyrau district of Karaganda region
The article focuses on the correlation between cytological, histological and immunohistochemical diagnoses in patients with
tumors without initially-identified lesion. The analysis of the data shows that there is a high degree of discrepancy between the cy-
tological and histological diagnoses (χ2=515, p=0.00001), histological and immunohistochemical (χ2=378, p=0.00001), cytological
and immunohistochemical (χ2=556, p=0.00001). When using rank correlation Coefficient revealed a statistically significant relation-
ship moderate, which does not imply a complete overlap between the diagnoses of tumors of unknown origin, established by cyto-
logical, histological and immunohistochemical examination, indicating the need for immunohistochemical studies in this pathology.
Keywords: correlation analysis, morphological examination, the diagnosis of tumors without initially-identified lesion.
UTC 616.013:614.4
I. A. Belyayev, A. S. Akhayeva, A. V. Lavrinenko, I. S. Azizov
ACTUAL TRENDS OF STRPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE
Karganda state medical university, Karaganda
S. pneumoniae is associated with a high degree of morbidity and mortality in many countries around the
world and is considered the main cause of death of millions children in the transition countries [1], which account for
up to 70% of deaths [2]. It is also considered the leading cause of significant mortality and morbidity in children in
developed countries, emphasizing the age of less than two years [3], which resulted in placing of this bacteria in the
unenviable first place within morbidity hierarchy in transition countries [1].
In addition to resistance to an antibiotic, additional treatment problems are caused by the increase of multiple
antimicrobial resistance of certain pneumococcus strains, as a consequence of failure to doctrinal positions therapy
(therapy ex juvantibus) and the implementation of the same without susceptibility testing. Also, great contribution
to this is given by the massive, unjustified use of antibiotics. Unfortunately, in our country we do not have relevant
data on the status of resistance, as well as the morbidity and mortality caused by it.
Pneumococcus has developed various mechanisms of resistance to certain groups of drugs. The main
resistance mechanism of the pneumococci toward protein synthesis inhibitors is based on a modification of the
mediated ermB-coding methylase; efflux pump, mutation of 23s rRNA, point mutation of rifampin-binding region of
rpoB [4].
The mechanism of resistance to inhibitors of cell wall implies structural changes of penicillin-binding protein
1A, 2X and 2B [5].
Dihydropteroate synthase gene mutation or dihydrofolate reductase is responsible for the occurrence of
resistance to folate antagonists [4].
Point mutation of topoisomerase IV (ParC2ParE2) and DNA gyrase (GyrA2GyrB2) is the basis for the
development of pneumococcal resistance to quinolones [6].
Numerous studies of the effect of PCVs on NP colonization were published in the pre- and post-licensure
periods [7]. In most of these studies, pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization has changed profoundly in the
post vaccine period: vaccine serotypes (VTs) have nearly disappeared and have been largely replaced by non-vaccine
serotypes (NVTs) [8]. In theory, serotype replacement in NP may erode some of the vaccination benefits. However,
for IPDs the overall benefit of PCVs has not been substantially eroded by replacement diseases [9]. By reducing NP
carriage of VT pneumococci, PCVs may also create ecological niche favoring colonization by alternative respiratory
pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis [10].
Results of this study show some deviations from the results of the study by PROTEKT US conducted on
18
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МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ — НОВЫЕ ГОРИЗОНТЫ
patients in the United States. The same has shown growth of intermediate susceptibility from 12.5% in 2000-2001 to
20% in 2003-2004 to penicillin, which is significantly less than the rate of intermediate susceptibility obtained in this
study, which is 69.44%. PROTEKT US study showed a drop in penicillin resistance in the United States from 26.3% in
2000-2001 to 16.5% in 2003-2004. According to this study the largest representation of resistance to penicillin was
in South Africa (87.4%), Far East (63%) and Middle East (54%). In Southern Europe the incidence of PNSP is higher
than in Northern Europe. The largest representation was found in France, Greece and Spain. In seven countries in
Latin America PNSP rates reached a global level which is 30% [11]
Significantly lower incidence of resistance to penicillin G have shown a study conducted in the period from
March 2008 to December 2009 in 60 hospitals of 11 Asian countries with the rate of resistance to penicillin of 0.7%
in tested material [12] and studies in Germany, with an incidence of resistance of 2 % [13]. A study in Italy showed
intermediate susceptibility of 30.4% and 0.54% of total resistance [14].
Results of studies conducted in China, Taiwan, Vietnam and Moscow have shown different rates of resistance
to erythromycin represented in the following order: 96.4%, 84.95%, 80.7% [12], and were significantly higher
than those obtained in this study, which amounts to 45%. Similar values as our results were observed in the study
developed in Italy, where the resistance to erythromycin was represented in 42.3% of the tested material [14].
Previously presented results of studies conducted in developed and developing countries indicate that the
antimicrobial resistance of S. pneumoniae is global problem. There have been countless variations in the occurrence
of serious pneumococcal disease, geographical distribution of invasive serotypes, the representation of resistance
of S. pneumoniae to antibiotics and efficacy of therapeutic treatment. Studies done in other countries point to a
complex relationship between antibiotic use and prevalence of resistance and suggest that serotype distribution
which causes invasive infections varies depending on the age, the socio-economic standards and timing of antibiotics
administration. Unfortunately, there are no relevant data that would pointed to the prevalence and severity of
antimicrobial resistance of S. pneumoniae in Bosnia and Herzegovina and that would allow the proper approach to
solving this problem. However, these data indicate that the presence of S. pneumoniae strains resistant to antibiotics
of different groups according to the mechanism of action, isolated from samples of nose and nasopharynx, eye and
ear of outpatients is in direct correlation with the same resistance in the region.
References
1. Stevens RW, Wenger J, Bulkow L, Bruce MG. Streptococcus pneumoniae non-susceptibility and outpatient antimi-
crobial prescribing rates at the Alaska Native Medical Center. Int J Circumpolar Health.2013;72:22297.
2. Song YJ, Nahm MH, Moseley MA. Clinical Implications of Pneumococcal Serotypes: Invasive Disease Potential,
Clinical Presentations, and Antibiotic Resistance. J Korean Med Sci. 2013;28:4–15.
3. Isaacman DJ, McIntosh ED, Reinert RR. Burden of invasive pneumococcal disease and serotype distribution among
streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in young children in Europe: impact of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vac-
cine and considerations for future conjugate vaccines. (5).Int J Infect Dis.2010;14:e197–e209.
4. Alekshun MN, Levy SB. Molecular Mehanisms of Antibacterial Multidrug Resistence. Cell. 2008;128
5. Tomasz A. Antibiotic Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clinical Infectious Diseases.1997;24(1):85–88.
6. Prymula R, Chlibek R, Ivaskeviciene I, et al. Paediatric pneumococcal disease in Central Europe. Eur J Clin Microbiol
Infect Dis. 2011;30:1311–1320.
7. K. Revai, D.P. McCormick, J. Patel, J.J. Grady, K. Saeed, T. Chonmaitree Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
on nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization during acute otitis media Pediatrics, 117 (5) (2006), pp. 1823–1829
8 I. Hau, C. Levy, L. Caeymaex, R. Cohen Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on microbial epidemiology and
clinical outcomes of acute otitis mediaPaediatr Drugs, 16 (1) (2014), pp. 1–12
9 D.R. Feikin, E.W. Kagucia, J.D. Loo, R. Link-Gelles, M.A. Puhan, T. Cherian, C.G. Whitney, M.R. Moore, et al.
Serotype-specific changes in invasive pneumococcal disease after pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction:
a pooled analysis of multiple surveillance sites PLoS Med, 10 (9) (2013), p. e1001517
10 J. Spijkerman, S.M. Prevaes, E.J. van Gils, R.H. Veenhoven, J.P. Bruin, D. Bogaert, G.P. van den Dobbelsteen, et
al. Long-term effects of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae, S. aureus,
H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis PLoS One, 7 (6) (2012), p. e39730
11. Hoban DJ, Doern GV, Fluit AC, Roussel-Delvallez M, Jones RN. Worldwide Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance
in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in the SENTRY Antimicrobial urveil-
lance Program, 1997-1999. Clinical Infectious Diseases.2001;32(2):S81–93.
12. Kim SH, Song JH, Chung DR, Thamlikitkul V, Yang Y, Wang H, Lu M, So T.M, Hsueh PR, Yasin RM, Carlos CC, Pham
HV, Lalitha MK, Shimono N, Perera J, Shibl AM, Baek JY, Kang CI, Ko KS, Peck KR. ANSORP Study Group. Changing
trends in antimicrobial resistance and serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Asian countries: an Asian
Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP) study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(3):1418–
1426.
13. Opavski N. Protokol za izolaciju i identifikaciju invazivnih izolata Streptococcus pneumoniae. dostupno na. pris-
tupano 10.3. 2014.
Специальный выпуск журнала «Медицина и экология», 2015
19
МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ — НОВЫЕ ГОРИЗОНТЫ
14. Camilli R, Daprai L, Cavrini F, Lombardo D, D’Ambrosio F, Del Grosso M, Vescio MF, Garlaschi ML, Sambri V, Pan-
tosti A. Pneumococcal carriage in young children one year after the introduction of the 13-valent conjugate vaccine
in Italy. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(10):1.
I. A. Belyayev, A. S. Akhayeva, A. V. Lavrinenko, I. S. Azizov
ACTUAL TRENDS OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE
Karganda state medical university, Karaganda
The authors made the conclusion, that previously presented results of studies conducted in developed and developing
countries indicate that the antimicrobial resistance of S. pneumoniae is global problem. There have been countless variations in the
occurrence of serious pneumococcal disease, geographical distribution of invasive serotypes, the representation of resistance of S.
pneumoniae to antibiotics and efficacy of therapeutic treatment. Studies done in other countries point to a complex relationship
between antibiotic use and prevalence of resistance and suggest that serotype distribution which causes invasive infections varies
depending on the age, the socio-economic standards and timing of antibiotics administration. Unfortunately, there are no relevant
data that would pointed to the prevalence and severity of antimicrobial resistance of S. pneumoniae in Bosnia and Herzegovina and
that would allow the proper approach to solving this problem. However, these data indicate that the presence of S. pneumoniae
strains resistant to antibiotics of different groups according to the mechanism of action, isolated from samples of nose and naso-
pharynx, eye and ear of outpatients is in direct correlation with the same resistance in the region.
Key words: S. pneumoniae, antibiotic resistance, strains, socio-economic standardsReferences
UDC 610.2
Zh. Dauletkaliyeva
1
, D. Kulov
1
, Jung Ho Ming
2
COMPARISON STUDY OF ASSESSING THE EXTENT OF RESPONSIBILITY TO THE HEALTH OF
THE POPULATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS AND PEOPLE OF
PRODUCTIVE AGE
1
Karaganda State Medical University,
,
2
National Taiwan University
Taipei (Taiwan)
Introduction. Urgency of the issues of preserving and improving health of population was never questioned.
Although during the period of reforming the economy and healthcare accompanied by the growth of negative pro-
cesses of reproduction of population and its health, this urgency gains the paramount importance and is one of the
most important conditions for healthcare development [6, 11, 1].
Domestic and foreign experience demonstrates a lot of successful examples of implementing governmental
programs in the sphere of healthcare. Mainly this is related to impacting individual habits of people, mindset with
the purpose of forming personal interest in preserving own health, health of family members, separate professional
groups and society as a whole [10, 2].
It is undoubted that the profession of a physician and nurse obliges to be responsible for satisfying medical
needs of the society, to take part in all spheres of healthcare including preventive care, education and rendering
medical aid [5, 3]. However today the situation is that only the healthcare system is responsible for the human
health, everyone blames only healthcare personnel and the system in bad state of the health. But in fact the World
Health Organization has proved that the human health depends on the healthcare system only in 10%, and in 50%
- on the life style, in 20% - on heredity, and in 20% - on the environment [4, 7, 8, 9]. One of the main problems in
implementing governmental programs, in the experts’ point of view, is the low extent of responsibility of the popula-
tion for health preserving, that makes them by 30% less effective [12].
The aim of the present study was to carry out a comparison analysis of the extent of responsibility of the
population for its own health, from the point of view of people of productive age and medical professionals.
Materials and Methods.
We have developed special questionnaires designed for various population groups. They consist of questions
divided into 2 blocks: personal and main. Personal part of the questionnaires contains questions regarding sex, age,
ethnicity, place of residence, profession, position, местplace and period of employment, and marital status. Questions
in the main part of the questionnaire are devoted to medical activity, life style and joint responsibility of the popu-
lation for health, as well as to the healthcare issues. By personal interviewing polling covered medical professionals
(n=733) of the city policlinics and people of productive age (n=431). 1162 questionnaires were processes statisti-
cally, 7 questionnaires were excluded from processing due to incorrect answers. 52% of respondents of productive
20
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МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ — НОВЫЕ ГОРИЗОНТЫ
age are men, 48% - women.
49.2% - people with higher education, 50.8% - people with secondary education.
The number of medical professionals includes: 49.9% of physicians and 50.1% of nursing staff.
Using a package of
statistical programs StatSoft Statistica 8, we determined relative frequency of occurrence of an attribute
in various
groups (p%) and the
confidence interval (CI). We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient, такand carried
out comparison analysis by the
Student t-test
among the respondents of productive age and medical professionals.
Results.
The polling demonstrated that
26.9% of respondents of productive age and every fifth (20.6%) medical
professional considers population responsible for its health. 17.6% of people of productive age ad 21.3% workers
of healthcare initial branch believe that population lacks understanding of personal responsibility for health.
Unfortunately most respondents in both groups (55.5% and 58.6% correspondently) were undecided in relation to
this question (table 1).
Table 1. Distribution of answers to the question “What do you think is there joint responsibility for the health in the
population?”
Answer variants
Employable population
(p% with CI)
Medical professionals
(p with CI)
P-level
Yes
26.9%
(18.8;35.1)
20.1%
(13.5;26.7)
0.02
No
17.6%
(8.9;26.2)
21.3%
(14.8;27.8)
0.17
Undecided
55.5%
(39.3;71.7)
58.6%
(45.6;78.3)
0.00
Total
100.0
100.0
According to the Governmental Programs of the country healthcare development one of the main measures
related to introducing joint responsibility of the population for the health is introduction of the mechanism of co-pay-
ments for medical services. Due to this the questionnaires included questions related to this issue. Opinions of the
respondents were divided. Only every fourth (16.2%) citizen of productive age and almost every second (48.2%)
medical professional agrees to introducing the mechanism of co-payments for medical services, this is possible relat-
ed to the specifics of profession of with personal interest of medical professionals. The analysis of the received data
showed the presence of strong direct linkage (R=0.7) between the medical professionals who gave positive answers
to this question and the period of employment of medical professionals: the greater the employment period, the
more respondents believing the population to be responsible for its health. Over half (52%) of people of productive
age and 37.6% physicians and nurses could not answer this question. Approximately every third (31.8%) employed
citizen does not agree to introducing the mechanism of co-payments for medical services. A strong linkage is revealed
(R=0.6) between the health state of employable population: the share of people who gave negative answer to this
question assess their health as “normal” and “bad”. The share of medical professionals who gave negative answer
to this question was 14.2% (table 2).
Table 2. “Is it necessary in our country to introduce the mechanism of co-payments for medical services?”
Answer variants
Employable population
(p% with CI)
Medical professionals
(p% with CI)
P-level
Yes
16.2%
(7.4;24.9)
48.2%
(42.8;53.4)
0.000
No
31.8%
(18.0;49.4)
14.2%
(6.0;28.4)
0.000
Undecided
52%
(45.4;58.6)
37.6%
(31.8;43.4)
0.002
Total
100.0
100.0
Approximaletly every fourth (16.2%) citizen of productive age notes readiness to introduction of co-paymnets,
the share of medical professionals who gave positive answer to this question was 32.9% (table 3).
As the positive aspects of introducing the mechanism of co-payments for medical services almost every
second respondent in both groups (49.2% and 49.3% correspondently) notes increase of responsibility of citizens for
their health, increase of salaries of healthcare workers (30.4% and 41.6%) (table 4).
Специальный выпуск журнала «Медицина и экология», 2015
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МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ — НОВЫЕ ГОРИЗОНТЫ
Answer variants
Employable population
(p% with CI)
Medical professionals
(p% with CI)
P-level
Yes
16.2%
(7.4;24.9)
32.9%
(26.9;38.9)
0.000
No
32.3
(24.4;40.2)
18.4
(11.8;25)
0.000
Undecided
51.5
(44.4;67.8)
48.7
(43.4;53.9)
0.491
Total
100
100
By the opinion of over half of respondents in both groups (56.2% and 58% correspondently), the negative
aspects of introducing the mechanism of co-payments are impairment of rights of socially vulnerable groups, and
increase of corruption in medical institutions (20.6% and 16.2%) (table 5).
Table 4. “Name the positive aspects of introducing the mechanism of co-payments for medical services?”
Answer variants
Employable population
(p% with CI)
Medical professionals
(p% with CI)
P-level
increase of responsibility of
citizens for their health
49.2
(42.4;56)
49.3
(44;54.5)
0.986
increase of salaries of
healthcare workers
30.4
(12.8;48.1)
41.6
(28.6;54.7)
0.00
undecided
20.4
(11.8;28.9)
9.1
(2.1;16.1)
0.00
other
0.0
0.0
0
Total
100.0
100.0
Table 5. “Name the negative aspects of introducing the mechanism of co-payments for medical services?”
Answer variants
Employable population
(p% with CI)
Medical professionals
(p% with CI)
P-level
impairment of rights of
socially vulnerable groups
56.2
(49.9;62.5)
58
(53.2;62.7)
0.608
increase of corruption in
medical institutions
20.6
(12.1;29.1)
16.2
(9.5;22.9)
0.096
other
23.2
(13.2;30.1)
25.8
(18.3;31.5)
0.273
Total
100.0
100.0
Conclusion.
Approximately every fourth resondent of productive age and every fifth medical professional believe population
to be responsible for their health. Unfortunately, over the half of respondents in both groups could not give an answer
to this question.
Every second medical professional agrees to introducing the mechanism of co-payments for medical services,
this is related to understanding the given issue in virtue of their profession. The share of employable population who
gave positive answer to this question is twice less.
Every second respondent of productive age and every third medical professional express readiness to
introducing the mechanism of co-payments for medical services.
About the half of respondents believe that introduction of co-payments would facilitate the responsibility of
the population for its own health.
Over the half of respondents in both groups express their opinion that introduction of co-payments for medical
services would negatively affect the medical services for socially vulnerable groups of population.
References
1. Роль врача общей практики в формировании здорового образа жизни., Л. С. Агаларова, Здравоохранение
Российской Федерации 2006; 4: 44 – 6.
Table 3. “Are you ready for introduction of e mechanism of co-payments for medical services?”
22
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МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ — НОВЫЕ ГОРИЗОНТЫ
2. Самооценка здоровья и образ жизни коренного малочисленного населения Ямальского севера.,
Е. В. Агбалян, Гигиена и санитария 2013; 1: 7 – 10.
3. К вопросу о физической активности и здоровье., Л. Е. Аликанова, Е. Б. Куралбаев, П. Л. Лесбек,
С. С. Серикбай, Вестник Южно – Казахстанской фармацевтической академии 2011; 2(53): 26 – 8.
4. Медико – социальные аспекты сохранения здоровья населения в современных условиях., Г. К. Бейсенбекова,
Г. А. Нурумова, Астана медициналық журналы 2006; 1: 45 – 6.
5.
Promoting access to health care: a nursing role and responsibility., R. Bryant,
International Nursing Review
2011
.
Available from: http://eurpub.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/1/74
6. Особенности формирования здоровья городского населения Ставропольского края., А. Д. Калоев,
А. Д. Соломонов, В. Н. Дмитриев, Здравоохранение Российской Федерации 2005; 3: 7–12.
7. Внедрение принципа «солидарной ответственности» как фактора модернизации Казахстанского
здравоохранения., А. Б. Хаджиева, Е. М. Меирбекова, Л. Т. Алшембаева, Вестник КазНМУ 2014; 2(4): 143–6.
8. О влиянии системы здравоохранения на здоровье населения С. Никифоров, В. Казанцев, Врач 2006; 4:
83–4.
9. О проблемах здравоохранения и потребности общества в здоровье., Е. В. Панфилова, Е. В. Каракулова,
Л. Г. Ленская, М. В. Малаховская, Здравоохранение Российской Федерации 2006; 3: 42–5.
10. The impact of out-of-pocket payments on prevention and health-related lifestyle: a systematic literature review.,
R. Rezayatmond, M. Pavlova, W. Groot 2012. Available from: http://ev urpub.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/1/74
11. Индивидуализарованная технология воспитания культуры отношения к своему здоровью.,
Н. Д. Самоделкина, Вестник ЮУрГУ 2008; 13: 104–6.
12. Государственная Программа «Саламатты Қазақстан» в представлениях населения страны // Сборник
материалов V Конгресса социологов Казахстана «Стратегия «Казахстан-2050»: социальное развитие
общества»., О. А. Симакова, Алматы 2014: 418.
Zh. Dauletkaliyeva
1
, D. Kulov
1
, Jung Ho Ming
2
COMPARISON STUDY OF ASSESSING THE EXTENT OF RESPONSIBILITY TO THE HEALTH OF THE POPULATION
FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS AND PEOPLE OF PRODUCTIVE AGE
1
Karaganda State Medical University,
,
2
National Taiwan University
Taipei (Taiwan)
The authors made the conclusion, that the every second respondent of productive age and every third medical professional
express readiness to introducing the mechanism of co-payments for medical services. About the half of respondents believe that
introduction of co-payments would facilitate the responsibility of the population for its own health. Over the half of respondents in
both groups express their opinion that introduction of co-payments for medical services would negatively affect the medical services
for socially vulnerable groups of population.
Key words: population, respondents, responsibility to the health, medical professionals, reproductive age
UDC 616.831
I. Kadyrova
1
, F. Mindubayeva
1
,S. Aliev
2,3
, V. Hendrixon
4
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF METABOLIC SYNDROME ON THE NSE, GFAP AND MMP-9
CONCENTRATION IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE STROKE
1
Karaganda State Medical University (Karaganda, Kazakhstan),
2
Russian Peoples’ Friendship University (Moscow, Russia),
3
Department of entrepreneurship development of the Eurasian Economic Commission,
4
Vilnius University (Vilnius, Lithuania)
Introduction.
The relevance of studies devoted to the acute stroke is beyond doubt and requires no justification. Patients
with metabolic syndrome (MS) are a special group of cerebrovascular accidents’ risk,They are characterized bythe
following features:high blood pressure, insulin resistance and / orincreased levels ofblood glucose, abdominal
obesity,dyslipidemia. Oftenthese patients have elevated levels ofuric acid, CRP, alteredhormonal profile. All these
factors trigger and maintain the formation of atherosclerosis - a major cause of cardiovascular diseases.
The study described in Diabetes Care shows that in patients with MS were found asymptomatic ischemic
brain injury [5]. The authors used neuroimaging techniques (MRI) to detect abnormalities. This led to the idea of the
Специальный выпуск журнала «Медицина и экология», 2015
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МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ — НОВЫЕ ГОРИЗОНТЫ
existence of differences of brain damage in patients with MS and patients without it. Possible asymptomatic ischemia
in patients with MS could lead to a larger volume of brain damage than in patients without MS.Unfortunately, the
authors did not use neurospecific markers in their study.
Serum markers have widely adopted in patients with cerebrovascular accidents in mind of the availability
of biomaterial and a great diagnostic value. The most studied markers in the diagnostic and prognostic aspects
areneuronal specific enolase (NSE), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)[2,3,6,7].
We included NSE, GFAP, MMP-9 in our research as to characterize the processes of cerebral tissues’ degradation and
dysfunction of the BBB in participants[4].
The aim of our study was to determine the impact of MS in patients with acute stroke in the concentration of
markers: NSE, GFAP, MMP-9.
Scientific novelty of the research is in the establishment of possible relationship between the presence of MS
and the increased concentration of NSE, GFAP, MMP-9 in patients with acute stroke.
Materials and methods
A cross-sectional analytical study during was carried out in 2014-2015 years in Karaganda, Kazakhstan. The
calculated sample size was 384 patients, but since it is a pilot the project included 80 patients.
The sample included patients of the Regional Medical Center of Karaganda. The study did not include people
with the following pathologies: chronic respiratory failure III degree, chronic renal failure, II, III degrees, chronic
liver failure, benign tumors of the lung, neuroblastoma, gliomas, lung cancer, demyelinating diseases, systemic
vasculitis, diffuse connective tissue disorders, colorectal cancer, acute leukemia, cancer of the breast or bladder,
bronchial asthma, traumatic brain injury.
Examination included: questionnaires, measurement of anthropometric data and laboratory tests. For the
study the following information was used: age, gender, ethnicity, concentrations of serum markers NSE, GFAP and
MMP-9 and anthropometric and laboratory studies necessary to determine the metabolic syndrome.
Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure (BP) was measured using a tonometer with obligatory
compliance for correct registration of blood pressure. Waist circumference measurements were carried out by
measuring tape, the results were evaluated in centimeters. Blood samples for laboratory analysis was performed
in all patients fasted from the cubital vein at standard conditions. Biochemical blood tests were carried out in the
laboratory of the Regional Medical Center with the required internal and external control. Blood tests were conducted
on the biochemical analyzer BioSystemA-15 with Vitalreagents. Determination of the markers NSE, GFAP and MMP-9
was conducted at the Laboratory of Collective Use (LCU) of Karaganda State Medical University. Blood was collected
by Vacutainer vacuum systems with gel to separate the serum. After sampling the blood was centrifuged and
transported to the LCU in the first hour for further study. The lysed samples were excluded from the study. We used
the following sets of reagents to determine the marker: NSE ELISA (Fujirebio), Human GFAP ELISA (BioVendor),
Human MMP-9 ELISA (Bender MedSystems). Linked immunosorbent assay was performed on the robot TecanEvolizer
100. The results were evaluated: for NSE in µg/ l , for GFAP and MMP-9 ng / ml.
Biochemical studies of blood lipid spectrum included determination of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG),
cholesterol of high- and low-density lipoproteids (HDL and LDL) by standard methods on biochemical analyzer. The
results were evaluated in in mmol / l. Determination of blood glucose (BG) was performed after 12 hours of fasting
by collection of capillary blood from the finger. It was measured by express method using glucometer OptiumXceed,
MEITER. The results were evaluated in mmol / l.
Diagnosing of metabolic syndrome was carried out according to the criteria IDF (2005): abdominal obesity
(waist circumference in men> 94 cm in women> 80 cm) and any two of the following characteristics: 1) TG≥ 1.7
mmol / L; 2) HDL cholesterol levels in men <1.03 mmol / L in women <1.29 mmol / L or lipid-lowering therapy; 3)
SBP ≥ 130 or DBP ≥ 85 mm Hg or antihypertensive therapy; 4) fasting glycemia ≥ 5,6 mmol / l [1].
Statistical processing of the measurements was performed using the software package SPSS 20 (SPSS Inc,
Chicago, IL). Verification of the distribution normality was carried out using descriptive statistics, quantile charts and
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Not all data in groups had normal distribution and the categorical attribute (the MS) was
present, so nonparametric methods and methods which are not “responding” on character of the distribution were
selected.
Difference in markers’ concentrations in groups was assessed using the Mann-Whitney test. The critical level
of significance (p) for statistical hypothesis testing was taken as 0.05.
The possible link between MS and blood markers were determined by multivariate logistic regression analysis,
in which event “MS” was taken as a of a binary response variable. The independent variables injected by method of
forced input. Unadjusted (nβ) and adjusted (aβ) regression coefficients (β) with 95% CI were calculated. The critical
level of significance (p) for statistical hypothesis testing was taken as 0.05.
The study was approved by the ethics committee of Karaganda State Medical University.
Results and discussion
The initial sample included 105 people, but the final sample consisted of 80 people, because patients with
no data of the blood’s biochemical analysis and with the lack of the one of metabolic syndrome’s component were
removed. Also those whose blood was subjected to lysis were excluded. Two group were formed. (Fig. I).
24
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МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ — НОВЫЕ ГОРИЗОНТЫ
The first group included 44 patients with ischemic stroke(IS) at the age of 50-85 years, of both sexes. The
second group consisted of 36 patients with ischemic stroke and MS.
Patients who have experienced an ischemic stroke have been observed within the first 12-72 hours after
manifestation. Blood sampling was carried out to determine the NSE in the first 12 hours, to determine GFAP and
MMP-9 in the first 24-72 hours, according to the recommendations of the reagent kit.
Fig. 1.Formation of final sample and groups.
Descriptive characteristics of the groups listed in Table 1. The parameters, whose distribution was normal,
described using mean values and standard deviation (SD).The parameters, whose distribution was different from
normal described using median and 25 and 75 percentiles.
Table 1.Descriptive characteristics of groups.
Characteristics
N (%)
1 group
2group
Age
-
63,7(10,3)**
65(9,3)**
Gender:
male
female
-
54 (34,4)
103(65,6)
24( 54,5)
20 (45,5)
11(30,6)
25(69,4)
Waistcircumference
-
82,09(12,3)**
96(90,7-99,7)*
BG
-
5,9(4,8-6,6)*
6,25(5,4-8,9)*
HDL
-
1,3(0,44)**
1,04(0,91-1,4)*
SBP
-
140(120-150)*
160(140-170)*
DBP
-
90(80-90)*
90(90-100)*
TG
-
1,38(0,88-1,55)*
1,89(1,3-2,64)*
NSE
-
15,9(2,7)**
15,12 (12,9-17,3)*
GFAP
-
0,2(0,12-0,25)*
0,2 (0,12-0,26)*
ММР-9
-
298,4(243-326,6)*
307,6 (252,6-328,9)*
*Characteristic of parameters with the distribution different from the normal: median (percentiles 25 and 75)
** Characteristics of parameters of with normal distribution:average (SD)
Специальный выпуск журнала «Медицина и экология», 2015
25
МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ — НОВЫЕ ГОРИЗОНТЫ
A comparison was made using the Mann-Whitney test. The results of these tests are given in Table 2.
Table 2. The results of the Mann-Whitney test.
Parameter
U -criteria,p
НSЕ
761,5,р=0,76
GFAP
787,5,р=0,96
ММР-9
657,5,р=0,19
Data in Table 2 shows that there are no significant differences between the concentrations of the markers in
group 1 and group 2 .
In order to study possible link between MS, the concentration of NSE, GFAP and MMP-9 in patients with acute
stroke, these variables were included in the logistic regression model. The results are shown in Table 3.
Table 3.Assessment of the relationship between MS and NSE, GFAP and MMP-9 in patients with acute stroke.
Parameter
nβ
нOR
95 % CI
p
aβ
сOR
95 % CI
р
NSЕ
-0.41
0.960
0.847-
1.088
p=0.521
-0.45
0.946
0.844-1.083
p=0.484
GFAP
-0.56
0.946
0.198-
4.513
p=0.944
-0.59
0.953
0.197-4.503
p=0.941
ММР-9
-0.16
0.984
0.909-
1.066
p=0.697
-0.20
0.980
0.904-1.063
p= 0.629
Results of the logistic analysis show, that the presence of MS does not change the concentration of the
markers in acute ischemic stroke.
Discussion.The null hypothesisof ourpilotstudy waslack of differencesin patientsin group 1and 2. An alternative
hypothesiswas the presence ofdifferenceconcentrations ofthe markersNSE, GFAPand MMP-9in group 1and 2.According
to published data, patients with MSpresentasymptomaticischemicbrain injury
[2]
.
This ledus to believethat the presence
ofasymptomaticbrain damagein patients with MSin theonset ofacute strokevolume ofnecrotic tissueof the brainwill
be greaterand the size ofthe penumbraless than in patients withoutMS.This was toaffect theconcentrations ofNSE,
GFAPand MMP-9.Moreover patients with MS havehormonal disorders,suchas hyperinsulinemiaand elevatedcortisol
levels, thattriggerproapoptoticmechanismsin the brain. Based on the resultsof our pilot study, the entire complexof
risk factors,metabolic andhormonal disordersin MS patientsdid not playa special role.
The results of our study shows, that there is no influence of the MS on concentration of NSE, GFAP and MMP-
9 in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The data of logistic regression analyzes confirm this statement. Likely, that
the changes in metabolic and hormonal status in patients with MS have no effect on markers NSE, GFAP and MMP-9
in the acute ischemic stroke.Thus,the null hypothesiswas accepted.
Advantage of the research consists in the fact that this is the first study in Kazakhstan, exploring the link
between metabolic syndrome and NSE, GFAP and MMP-9 concentrations in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
Disadvantages of this study are: 1) the necessity to increase the volume of the sample, this will allow to
include more parameters in logistic regression analysis 2) the necessity to clarify the impact of confounders.
Further research will be carried out considering points described above.
Conclusion
Thus, this study shows that there is no effect of MS on the concentration of markers NSE, GFAP and MMP-
9 in patients with acute ischemic stroke.These data were obtainedby comparing thegroupsbyMann-Whitney test
andstudythe contribution ofMC tochangethe concentrationsof markersbylogistic regression analysis. the null
hypothesis was accepted, it suggests a lack ofconcentrationdifferences in group of patients with and without MS.
Acknowledgments
The study was performed within the recently established Laboratory of Collective Use of Karaganda State
Medical University.
Conflicts of interest
All authors disclose any actual or potential conflicts of interest including any financial, personal or other
relationships with other people or organisation .
Ethical standard
The study was approved by the ethics committee of Karaganda State Medical University and have therefore
been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki.
References
1. Alberti K.G., Zimmet P., Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome: a new worldwide definition /Alberti K.G // Lancet .-2005.-
№ 24. Р. 366(9491):1059-62.
26
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МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ — НОВЫЕ ГОРИЗОНТЫ
2. All Rawi N.H., Atiyah K.M. Salivary neuron specific enolase: an indicator for neuronal damage in patients with isch-
emic stroke and stroke eprone patients/ All Rawi N.H // Clin. Chem. Lab.- 2009.-№ 47. Р. 1519-1524.
3. Foerch C., Curdt I., Yan B. Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker for intracerebralhaemorrhage in pa-
tients with acute stroke/ Foerch C.// J. Neurol. Neurosurg Psychiatry.- 2006.- № 77(2).- Р. 181–184.
4. Matthew B. Maas, Karen L. Furie. Molecular biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and prognosis/ Matthew B. Maas//
Biomarkers in Medicine.- 2009.-№ 4.-Р. 363-375.
5. MichielSala, Albert de Roos, Annette van den Berg, IrmhildAltmann-Schneider, P. ElineSlagboom, Rudi G. West-
endorpMicrostructural Brain Tissue Damage in Metabolic Syndrome / MichielSala// Diabetes Care.- 2014.-№ 37.-Р.
493-500.
6. Rosell A., Alvarez-Sabín J., Arenillas J.F., Rovira A., Delgado P., Fernández-Cadenas I., et al. A matrix metallopro-
teinase protein array reveals a strong relation between MMP-9 and MMP-13 with diffusion-weighted image lesion
increase in human stroke / Rosell A., //J Stroke.- 2005.- № 36.- Р. 1415-20.
7. Rosell A., Ortega-Aznar A., Alvarez-Sabín J., Fernández-Cadenas I., Ribó M., Molina C.A., et al. Increased brain
expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 after ischemic and hemorrhagic human stroke/ Rosella A.// Stroke.- 2006.-
№ 37(6).-Р.1399-406.
8. Who’s Certified: Ten leading causes of death. [cited 2015 May 25] Available from: http://www.who.int/gover-
nance/eb/who_constitution_ru.pdf
I. Kadyrova
1
, F. Mindubayeva
1
, S. Aliev
2,3
, V. Hendrixon
4
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF METABOLIC SYNDROME ON THE NSE, GFAP AND MMP-9
CONCENTRATION IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE STROKE
1
Karaganda State Medical University (Karaganda, Kazakhstan),
2
Russian Peoples’ Friendship University (Moscow, Russia),
3
Department of entrepreneurship development of the Eurasian Economic Commission,
4
Vilnius University (Vilnius, Lithuania)
Cerebral stroke is a major health and social worldwide problem due to the high level of morbidity and mortality. 6.7 million
of people have died in the world from acute cerebrovascular accident in 2014. Since 2004 stroke was declared as global epidemia
[8]. Patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) are a special group of cerebrovascular accidents’ risk. They are characterized by the
following features: high blood pressure, insulin resistance and/or increased levels of blood glucose, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia.
Often these patients have elevated levels of uric acid, CRP, altered hormonal profile. Serum markers have widely adopted in patients
with cerebrovascular accidents in mind of the availability of biomaterial and a great diagnostic value. These markers include neu-
ronal specific enolase (NSE), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). We have wondered whether
there were differences in the concentration of the above described markers in patients with MS and in patients without it at occur-
rence of acute cerebrovascular accident. The aim of our study was to determine the impact of MS in patients with acute stroke in
the concentration of markers: NSE, GFAP, MMP-9.
The pilot study included 80 patients in whom were determined NSE, GFAP, MMP-9, total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides,
blood glucose, was measured waist circumference and blood pressure. Differences in concentrations of markers in groups eval-
uated using the Mann-Whitney test. The critical level of significance (p) for statistical hypothesis testing was taken as 0.05. The
possible link between MS and blood markers were determined by multivariate logistic regression analysis, in which event “MS” was
taken into account in the form of a binary response variable. The pilot study showed that there is no effect of MS on the concen-
tration of markers NSE, GFAP and MMP-9 in patients with acute stroke no effect.
Keywords: cerebrovascular accidents, concentration, GFAP, MMP-9, metabolic syndrome, NSE
UTC 616.36-002.2/.98
B. Kosherova, N. Sarsekeyeva
COMBINED COURSE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS C AND HIV INFECTION
Karaganda state medical university, Karaganda (Kazakhstan)
Introduction
In recent years, co-infection of HIV and hepatitis C virus has been gaining ever-increasing importance in
infectious pathologies given their common routes of infection transmission [6, 8].
Co-infection of HIV and hepatitis C can have a synergistic effect on the progression of liver disease caused
by HCV [2].
HIV disrupts the immune system of the person and thereby accelerates the development of hepatitis C:
Специальный выпуск журнала «Медицина и экология», 2015
27
МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ — НОВЫЕ ГОРИЗОНТЫ
increases the possibility of a transition from the acute to the chronic form of hepatitis C, fibrosis development and
henceforth cirrhosis. Consequently, co-infection with hepatitis C virus leads to a rise in morbidity and mortality rates
from liver disease [7].
A co-infection of HIV and hepatitis C virus alters the epidemiology, clinical course, virology and natural history
of hepatitis C. In the light of this, the recognition of co-infection of HIV and hepatitis C virus as a distinct condition,
that is different from monoinfection with HIV or hepatitis C virus, is a paramount step towards the optimization of
treatment approach of co-infected patients [1].
In Karaganda region of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the date of 01.01.2015, it was registered that
cumulatively the dispensary included 2216 HIV-infected individuals. This total number took account of 1098 diagnosed
HIV-infected patients with hepatitis C virus.
Research objective: to study precise features of the course of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in HIV-infected
patients, depending on the clinical stage of HIV infection.
Materials and methods
The study involved 76 HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C who were treated in the dispensary
at “Karaganda Regional Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS” of the State Institute at the moment of
investigation.
The average age of patients with HIV/CHC was 34.3±1.0 years old. By gender the group of patients with HIV/
CHC composed of 54 men (71.1%) and 22 women (28.9%).
High levels of HCV infection in HIV-infected patients can be explained by a marked prevalence of intravenous
drug way over sexual one. Thus, the overall number of 76 surveyed included 62 patients who had been infected while
injecting drugs, which accounted for 81.6%, and 14 (18.4%) patients who had acquired the infection through sexual
contact (infected sexual partners, casual sex).
The diagnosis of HIV infection in patients was verified by immune blotting. The process of investigation
followed general clinical research methods (examination of the patient and inspection of his/her medical history,
the analysis of peripheral blood and urine tests as well as blood chemistry). Hepatitis etiological verification was
performed by means of immune-sorbent assay (anti-HCV) in combination with the polymerase chain reaction, where
the latter allowed detecting HCV RNA by defining titer and the number of copies, and to determine the genotype of
the virus.
Results and discussion
Stages of HIV infection were determined according to the clinical classification of WHO [9]. The allocation of
patients with HIV/CHC by clinical stage of HIV infection represented the following groupings: clinical stage I had 32
(42.1%) patients, stage II – 19 (25%), stage III – 21 (27.6%) and stage IV – 4 (5.3%).
The distribution of HCV genotypes among HIV-infected patients was uneven. Of the total 76 patients co-
infected with HIV/CHC, genotype 1 was observed in 29 (38.2%) patients, genotype 2 – in 11 (14.5%), genotype 3
– in 33 (43.4%). Three cases (3.9%) simultaneously determined 2 genotypes – genotype 1 and genotype 3. It should
be noted that genotype 3 prevailed among the present injecting drug users.
In the study of clinical manifestations in patients co-infected with HIV/CHC the stage of HIV infection should
be taken into account. In this regard, among patients in the clinical stage I of HIV infection 87.5% were observed
to experience asymptomatic disease. Another 12.5% of patients reported a decrease in appetite, heaviness and
recurrent pain in the right upper quadrant.
Patients co-infected with HIV/CHC in clinical stage III of HIV suffered more often from the loss of appetite and
nausea (61.9%), pointed out to general weakness (80.9%), and felt bothered by the joint pain (28.6%). Against the
background of secondary diseases temperature reaction ranged from subfebrile to febrile and was noted in 76.2% of
cases. Minor icteric color of the sclera and the skin was observed in 23.8% of cases while hepatomegaly was detected
in 71.4%. Splenomegaly was found in 28.6% of patients.
Patients co-infected with HIV/CHC in the clinical stages II and III showed layering of different symptoms of
associated pathology on specific symptoms of hepatitis. Accordingly, in clinical stage II fungal infections of the skin
became more common, leading to the development of onychomycosis. Of the 19 patients co-infected with HIV/CHC
toenail onychomycosis was diagnosed in 31.6% and hand onychomycosis – in 10.5%. Oral candidiasis took place in
42.1% of cases. Among surveyed, angular cheilitis was found in 21.1% of patients.
Along with the increasing immune-suppression, patients co-infected with HIV/CHC in clinical stage III developed
severe progressive diseases. Today tuberculosis attracts the greatest attention among other bacterial infections in
Kazakhstan, becoming a severe opportunistic disease in the later stages of HIV infection. The course of tuberculosis
in patients with HIV infection is dependent on the duration of the course of HIV infection and is determined by the
degree of loss of immune response. Accordingly, the particular clinical manifestations of tuberculosis in patients with
HIV infection are beginning to emerge once a significant decrease in the number of CD4-lymphocytes occurs. In
the light of this, the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was made for 85.7% of patients co-infected with HIV/CHC.
Among the studied subjects 57.1% of the patients showed more numerous signs of asthenovegetative syndrome
and weight loss of more than 10%. The dominant complaints of patients were asthenic character (unmotivated
weakness, fatigue, and decreased ability to work).
During the biochemical study of blood in patients co-infected with HIV/CHC in clinical stage I of HIV, activity of
28
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МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ — НОВЫЕ ГОРИЗОНТЫ
transaminases (ALT, AST) was minimal or moderate and values of total bilirubin were estimated within normal limits
(14.6±0.4 μmol/L). In contrast, more pronounced changes in biochemical parameters were observed in patients co-
infected with HIV/CHC in stage III. It was noted that there was a slight increase in total bilirubin (41.2±3.2 μmol/L)
and a moderate increase in transaminase levels of ALT and AST (0.59±0.07 μmol/(s-L) and 0.48±0.09 μmol/(s-L),
respectively.
HIV exacerbates the severity and progression of liver disease associated with HCV infection. There is a clear
link between disease progression and a decrease in the number of CD4-cells, which is considered the main factor of
the pathogenesis of the disease. The distinctive feature of HIV infection is the profound immunodeficiency due to
progressive qualitative and quantitative shortages of helper T-lymphocytes [4].
Comparative analysis of immunograms in patients co-infected with HIV/CHC depending on the stage of HIV
infection showed that the greatest changes were observed between the indicators of asymptomatic clinical stage I
and clinical stage III. A large degree of immune-suppression of T-helper cells was detected in clinical stage III. The
average level of CD4-lymphocytes in patients with stage I equaled 511.1±19.4 cells/μL and in patients with stage
III – 337.7±22.6 cells/μL. Thus, as an outcome of the study of the immune status of patients co-infected with HIV/
CHC, it was found that they developed a helper T cell immunodeficiency.
Simultaneously, the study indicated an increase in the relative number of CD8 lymphocytes, suggesting
immunity failure [3, 5]. The average level of CD8-lymphocytes in patients with stage I amounted to 1183,7±60,2
cells/μL while the level estimated 1074,6±103,4 cells/μL in patients with stage III.
An important indicator is the regulatory index, i.e. the ratio of the percentage amount of helper/suppressor
(CD4/CD8). This index is often reduced with immunodeficiency, being especially true for people with AIDS. Thus, a
decrease of CD4 lymphocytes and increase of CD8-lymphocytes in patients with HIV/CHC leads to the reduction of
the immune-regulatory index (CD4/CD8), indicating the helper-suppressor immunodeficiency and being consistent
with the findings of other researchers [10]. Average level of indicators of CD4/CD8 ratio in patients with stage I was
0.4±0.06 and in patients with stage III – 0.31±0.03.
The most marked changes in immunograms of patients co-infected with HIV/CHC were associated with
significantly elevated levels of circulating immune complexes in the blood serum. The average level of circulating
immune complexes in patients with stage I was 570.2±51.2 units while the same level equaled 650.0±37.8 units in
patients with stage III.
Conclusion
Overall, the study reveals that in the pathology of chronic hepatitis C in patients with HIV infection there
are slightly pronounced clinical symptoms and minimal or moderate level of activity of the infectious process. The
impairment of the immune system in cases of co-infection with HIV/CHC is systemic, manifesting suppression of
T-cell immunity units.
References
1. Andreoni M. et al. HIV-HCV co-infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis and therapeutic implications //Eur Rev Med
Pharmacol Sci. –2012. – V. 16(11). – P. 1473-1483.
2. Balagopal A. et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-related microbial translocation and progression of hepatitis C //
Gastroenterology. – 2008. – V. 135. – P. 226-233.
3. Barrett L. et al. Stronger hepatitis C virus-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in HIV coinfection //J Viral Hepat. – 2011.
– V. 18. – P. 170-180.
4. Ferri S. et al. Redistribution of regulatory T-cells across the evolving stages of chronic hepatitis C //Dig Liver Dis.
– 2011. – V. 43. – P. 807-813.
5. Hartling H.J. et al. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are elevated and display an active phenotype in pa-
tients with chronic HCV mono-infection and HIV/HCV co-infection //Scand J Immunol. – 2012. – V. 76. – P. 294-305.
6. Limketkai B. et al. Relationship of liver disease stage and antiviral therapy with liver-related events and death in
adults coinfected with HIV/HCV //JAMA. – 2012. – V. 308. – P. 370-378.
7. Sogni P. et al. Management of cirrhosis complications in HIV patients coinfected with hepatitis В or С virus //La
Presse Medicaid. – 2005. –V. 20(34). – P. 1579-1583.
8. Sulkowski M. Management of acute and chronic HCV infection in persons with HIV coinfection //Hepatology. –
2014. – V. 61. – P. 108-119.
9. World Health Organization (2013) Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and
preventing HIV infection: Recommendations for a public health approach. Available: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstre
am/10665/85321/1/9789241505727_eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 11 February 2015.
10. Zhuang Y. et al. HCV coinfection does not alter the frequency of regulatory T cells or CD8+ T cell immune acti-
vation in chronically infected HIV+ Chinese subjects //AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. – 2012. – V. 28. – P. 1044-1051.
Специальный выпуск журнала «Медицина и экология», 2015
29
МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ — НОВЫЕ ГОРИЗОНТЫ
B. Kosherova
1
, N. Sarsekeyeva
1
COMBINED COURSE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS C AND HIV INFECTION
1
Karaganda state medical university, Karaganda (Kazakhstan)
The authors concluded, that the study reveals that in the pathology of chronic hepatitis C in patients with HIV infection
there are slightly pronounced clinical symptoms and minimal or moderate level of activity of the infectious process. The impairment
of the immune system in cases of co-infection with HIV/CHC is systemic, manifesting suppression of T-cell immunity units.
Key words: chronic hepatitis C, HIV infection, infectious process, immune system
УДК 610.2
Y. S. Malevanaya, D. B. Kulov
PRESERVING AND STRENGTHENING THE HEALTH OF STUDENTS MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
Karaganda state medical university
Topicality. Health is the most important value in human life. Unfortunately, having perfect health is almost
impossible nowadays. Due to highly polluted environment people suffer from many diseases [1,2].
Doubtless, students - a particular social group most affected by factors such as the neuro-emotional stress
and social insecurity. The intensity final exams for high school entrance exams at university, change their traditional
way of life negatively affect their health and quality of life[3]. Activities of the medical student is one of intense
emotionally types of work, which is reflected in the level of their mental and physical health. High intensity load
during the study, monotonous, stressful situation, tests and examinations, the other side - a low level of physical
activity, violation of the regime of the day, the diet are major factors in the development of diseases as well as the
progression of existing chronic diseases[4,5].
The purpose of the study. First of all, let’s try to understand whether the affected university studies on
the health of students.
Materials and methods study. The complex medical research of the health and way of life the students
of Karaganda State Medical University was carried out. Students of 1-2 courses responded to the questionnaire and
analyzed all the general condition within the last 6 months. The sample consisted of 300 people.
Results of the study. Half of the respondents have noticed a significant change in health status. What is
more, 1/3 of respondents say at exacerbation of chronic diseases and complication. Moreover, we asked respondents
to fill in the table on the intensity of symptoms in organs such as skin, organs of sight, hearing, organs of digestion,
heart-vascular system, back, nervous system, urogenital system.
Table № 1: Indicators intensity encountered abnormalities in organs and systems.
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