A. Beisenayeva
1
, G. Muldaeva
1
, I. Azizov
1
, A. Ibisheva
1
, T. Magzumova
2
ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT OF ACUTE TONSILLOPHARYNGITIS IN OUTPATIENT PRACTICE
1
Karaganda state medical University,
2
Kokpekty medical clinic Bukhar-Zhyrau district of Karaganda region
INTRODUCTION. Currently one of the most actual problems of modern medicine is the rational use of an-
timicrobial agents (ASM). The interest in this problem is associated with a number of important circumstances. First,
antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed medications in ambulatory practice [10]. Second, antibiotic
treatment is a costly method of treatment, causing up to 50% of the costs of medical institutions [7], and occupies
a leading place in the structure of expenditures of outpatients with infectious diseases. In addition, the use of antibi-
otics over time is accompanied by a decrease in their activity due to the formation of resistance of microorganisms.
Accordingly, the term “rational antibiotic treatment” of various infectious diseases understand the achievement of
predicted treatment outcome with the least economic cost and lowest risk of selecting resistant strains of microor-
ganisms [1].
The emergence of drug resistance organisms is a serious problem for the health system. Beta – lactamases
extended spectrum (ESBL) are one of the important problems of changing picture of the world. Thus, Kazakhstan
and Central Asian region is a white spot on the world map on resistance [5].
One of the most significant problems of antimicrobial treatment (ABT) is a widespread practice of the use of
the ILA without appropriate indications. According to pharmacoepidemiologic studies, from 20 to 50% of cases of
antibiotic use in the world is unfounded. This problem is also topical for Kazakhstan.
The aim of the study: the study of prescribing practices of antimicrobial agents in acute tonsillopharyngitis in
primary care.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Study design: retrospective, nonrandomized, descriptive and analytical. A
comparative analysis of the compliance of the treatment of acute pharyngotonsillitis national protocols for diagnosis
and treatment (CDL) 2013. Conducted a retrospective analysis of 200 medical records of outpatients treated for acute
tonsillopharyngitis in 2014. The inclusion criteria were: aged 18 to 44, the verified diagnosis of acute tonsillopharyn-
gitis. The study included analysis of treatment choice, the choice of the AMC taking into account the causative agent
and its sensitivity to the AMC.
RESULTS. Most often disease of the met at the age of 28 (25%). In 59% of cases occurred in women, 41%
men. The average age of patients was 31 years. In 34.5% of patients underwent local treatment, in 65.5% of an-
ti-bacterial treatment. In all cases, antibiotic drugs were prescribed empirically, without prior bacteriological examina-
tion. In assessing the commitment of providers to prescribe different antibiotics was that the highest preference of all
groups were given β-lactams (73,2%) and macrolides (25.1 percent). In two cases (1%) was prescribed doxycycline
(tetracycline group). Frequency of commitment of physicians to different groups of antibiotics are shown in figure 1.
Figure 1 - Frequency of commitment of physicians to different groups of antibiotics
Специальный выпуск журнала «Медицина и экология», 2015
13
МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ — НОВЫЕ ГОРИЗОНТЫ
Among antibiotics leading position was occupied by β-lactams. They received 96 patients (73.2 per cent).
Given that the primary causative agent ATF are S. Pyogenes (β-hemolytic Streptococcus serogroup A (GABHS) and
S. Pneumoniae (Pneumococcus) [3,4,6,11], which according to clinical studies [3,4,11], maintain a high sensitivity
to aminopenicillins from penicillins in the outpatient setting was most often used the aminopenicillins. Among them
the first place in frequency assignment took flemoksin solutab (75,3%), however, in a number of russian and inter-
national clinical guidelines, the drug of choice for treatment of this disease is amoxicillin [2,8,9], frequency assign-
ment has been ranked second (14% of patients). In third place the preparation of the group ingibitoriani penicillins
- amoksiclav (13.7 percent). In two cases (1%) was applied cefazolin is a cephalosporin antibiotic 1st generation,
although a history of instructions on the use of penicillins in the preceding months or with recurrent respiratory in-
fections [2,6,9]. The drug is also used parenterally and frequency of administration needs to be 3-4 times a day that
is not acceptable in an outpatient setting. Figure 2 shows the frequency of the commitment of providers to prescribe
different drugs of the group of β-lactams.
Figure 2 - Frequency of commitment of providers to prescribe different drugs of the group of β-lactams
Macrolide antibiotics are relatively rare for physicians the drugs of choice for treatment of acute tonsillitis,
they are prescribed as the drugs of choice if you are allergic to β-lactam antibiotics in history, in our study was used
in 25.1% of cases (33 patients). However, the presence of allergic reactions to β-lactam antibiotics in history was not
specified. Also according to evidence-based medicine macrolides are considered the drugs of choice in cases where
it is assumed chlamydial etiology of respiratory disease (absence of clear toxemia and fever; the scarcity of physical
changes in the lungs; the protracted nature of the disease, the chief symptom of which is a long obsessive dry cough
type “stacatto”) or mycoplasmal etiology (autumn; prolonged severe febrile fever; persistent Intrusive, often noctur-
nal cough), which also was not indicated.
Preference was given to azithromycin, the main advantage of the drug is a relatively short period of treatment,
because all of the antibiotics that are intended for the treatment of acute pharyngotonsillitis, must be taken within 10
days, and treatment with azithromycin is appointed for a 5 day course. From the group of tetracyclines in two cases
was prescribed doxycycline, but it is recommended as an alternative means of empirical antibiotic treatment ATF
severe degrees of severity in Allergy to penicillin Side effects of antibiotics (allergic reactions) were noted. Flemoksin
solutab most often prescribed in a dose of 500 mg (62%), less often - 750 mg (38%), amoxicillin 86% of physicians
expressed a preference for a dose of 500 mg and 14% of a dose of 1000 mg., in the appointment of amoksiklav
most physicians used a dose of 250 mg (71%) and 500 mg (29%), cefazolin 100% of physicians prescribed at a dose
of 1.0 g, azithromycin was prescribed in a dosage of 500 mg., in the appointment of doxycycline physicians used a
dosage of 100 mg. CONCLUSIONS. On the basis of the retrospective analysis of the card of an ambulatory patient
found that etiotropic antibacterial treatment with the use of antibiotics prescribed empirically without prior bacterio-
logical examination or rapid diagnostic method, was conducted in 100% of cases, while in the national Protocol for
diagnosis and treatment 2013 regulated the use of bacteriological examination or the Express method of diagnostics
of acute pharyngotonsillitis.
In the analysis of medical records of 200 patients with acute tonsillitis in 148 patients (82,67%) were identi-
fied inconsistencies Republican protocols of diagnostics and treatment.
14
Специальный выпуск журнала «Медицина и экология», 2015
МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ — НОВЫЕ ГОРИЗОНТЫ
The choice of antimicrobial treatment to meet RPDL 2013 in most cases, although in international recom-
mendations first place is given to semi-synthetic penicillins [8], in our analysis there was a preference for protected
penicillins. In the analysis of conformity of the appointment of antimicrobial treatment with RPDL difficult to judge,
since the list of drugs not specified. Among the antibiotics used for the treatment of acute tonsillitis, the leading
position was occupied by penicillins (73,2%), mainly flemoksin solutab (75,3%), amoxicillin (14%) and macrolides
(mainly azithromycin) (25.1 percent).
Defects in calculating the dose of an antibacterial drug is only found in 3 cases (1.5 percent). In 46 patients
(23%) reduction in frequency of administration of the drug during the day. So, the reception frequency of cefazolin in
both cases was 2 times a day, although, given the pharmacokinetics of the drug, frequency of administration should
be 3-4 times a day. Taking into account the pharmacokinetics of flemoxin the multiplicity of his appointment shall be 3
times a day, but in half the cases it was administered twice a day. 96 (48%) – a shorter course of antibiotic treatment.
Unfortunately, to judge completeness of recovery, focusing on data card of an ambulatory patient, it is not possible,
because practically no laboratory control in the dynamics of treatment.
Thus, the identified discrepancy for the treatment of acute pharyngotonsillitis national protocols for diagnosis
and treatment (NPDT) 2013 requires improvement in the treatment of acute pharyngotonsillitis in an outpatient set-
ting. The actual practice of antimicrobial treatment is significantly different from NPDT: the inappropriate selection of
antimicrobial agents when starting treatment, the use of drugs which are not recommended NPDT, failure frequency
reception and duration of treatment.
References
1. Antibiotic therapy of community respiratory tract infections: strategies for optimal outcomes and minimized re-
sistance emergence/ P. Ball, F. Baquero, O. Cars // Journal Antimicrobial Chemotherapy- 2002.- Vol. 49.- Р. 31–40.
2. Clinical guidelines for curative programmes in hospitals and dispensaries / I. Broek, N. Harris, M. Henkens // Diag-
nosis and treatment manual.- Paris, Medecins Sans Fronieres.- 2013.- P. 49-53.
3. Dynamics of antibiotic resistance of respiratory strains of Streptococcus pyogenes in Russia for the pe-
riod 1999-2009 the Results of a multicenter prospective study Pegasus/ O. Azovskov, N. Ivanchik, A.
Technic, O. Kretchikova, R. Kozlov// Klin.mikrobiol. antimicrob. khimioter. - 2012. - No. 4. - P. 309-321.
4. Dynamics of resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to antibiotics in Russia for the period 1999-2009 the Results
of a multicenter prospective study Pegasus/ R. Kozlov, O. Siwy, I. Kretchikova, N. Ivanchik // Klin.mikrobiol. antimi-
crob. khimioter.- 2010. - No. 12. - P. 1-13.
5. ESBLs structure from Kazakhstan’s enterobacteria in the SMART study (2011-2013) / I. Azizov, D. Baben-
ko, E. Zakharova, A. Lavrinenko. - Karaganda State Medical University. - Microbiology lab.- Karaganda. - KZ.
6. Otolaryngology: National leadership. Brief edition/ ed. by V. Palchun// M.: GEOTAR-Media. - 2012.- P. 656
7.
Pharmacoepidemiological
analysis
of
ambulatory
practice
of
antibiotic
thera-
py of acute pharyngotonsillitis / A. Zaytsev // Russian medical journal.- 2012 - 26.- P. 1317-1321.
8. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of Sore Throat and Indications for Tonsillectomy: A Na-
tional Clinical Guideline. - 2010.- Edinburgh, UK: SIGN.- P.10-12
9. Strategy and tactics for the rational use of antimicrobial agents in ambulatory practice: Russian practical guidelines
/ edited by S. Yakovleva, S. Sidorenko, V. Rafalski, T. Spichak. - M.: Publishing House Of Presto. - 2014. -P. 121.
10. The European surveillance of antimicrobial consumption (ESAC) point –prevalence survey of antibacterial use in
20 European hospitals in 2006 / F. Ansari , M. Erntell, H. Goossens,P. Davey // Clinical Infectious Diseases. - 2009.
- Vol. 49 (10). - Р. 1496–1504.
11. The results of a prospective study of the sensitivity of strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from spu-
tum of patients with progressive respiratory diseases./ N. Bissenov, A. Yergaliyeva// Journal of clinical medicine of
Kazakhstan.- 2014. - No. 2. - P. 33-37.
A. Beisenayeva
1
, G. Muldaeva
1
, I. Azizov
1
, A. Ibisheva
1
, T. Magzumova
2
ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT OF ACUTE TONSILLOPHARYNGITIS IN OUTPATIENT PRACTICE
1
Karaganda state medical University,
2
Kokpekty medical clinic Bukhar-Zhyrau district of Karaganda region
The article is devoted to the analysis of ambulatory practice of antibiotic treatment of acute tonsillopharyngitis. The analysis
shows a discrepancy for the treatment of acute tonsillopharyngitis in primary care national protocols for diagnosis and treatment
(NPDT) 2013 and requires improved treatment of this disease in the outpatient setting. The actual practice of antimicrobial treat-
ment is significantly different from BDL: the inappropriate selection of antimicrobial agents when starting treatment, the use of
drugs which are not recommended NPDT, failure frequency reception and duration of treatment.
Key words: rational antibiotic treatment, antibacterial treatment of acute tonsillopharyngitis
Специальный выпуск журнала «Медицина и экология», 2015
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МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ — НОВЫЕ ГОРИЗОНТЫ
UTC 616-006-07
A. Beisenayeva
1
, V. Sirota
1
, T. Magzumova
2
REVEALING CORRELATION BETWEEN CYTOLOGICAL, HISTOLOGICAL AND
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DIAGNOSES IN PATIENTS WITH TUMORS WITHOUT
INITIALLY-IDENTIFIED LESION
1
Karaganda State Medical University,
2
Kokpekty medical clinic Bukhar-Zhyrau district of Karaganda region
INTRODUCTION. Lack of differentiation is seen as a “stigma” of malignant transformation, characterized
by high proliferative activity. The diffi culty of diagnosis and, especially, treatment of patients, and, mostly, the poor
results of special treatment, cause of most oncologists pessimism regarding this group of patients [2, 3, 4]. The
morphological structure of the tumor presumably allows to determine the localization of the primary tumor, which
greatly facilitates the search for the primary lesion [1, 5].
The aim of the study was to identify the correlation between diagnoses at admission and morphological
patients with tumors without initially-identifi ed lesion.
MATERIALS AND METHODS.
Depending on the pathogenetic diagnosis we identifi ed 9 groups of patients with tumors without initially-
identifi ed lesion in age from 5 to 84 years: 1 – lymphoproliferative disease 2 cancer (nizkolegirovannaja, serous
adenocarcinomas, ovarian cancer, metastases), 3 – sarcoma (chondro – nizkolegirovannaja. – pseudo – spindle,
osteo-, myelo-, melcochita-, fi ber-, lipo-, giant-cell), 4 – the nerve root tumor (neuroblastoma, schwannoma), 5 –
tumors of blood vessels (hemangiopericytoma, histiocytoma), 6 – melanoma, 7 – squamous cell carcinoma, 8 – other
tumors, 9 – benign changes.
THE OBTAINED RESULTS.
Identifi ed characteristics of patients with tumors without initially-identifi ed the focus on diagnosis at admission
to the hospital. There were 162 patients, of whom 48 - with lymphoproliferative diseases (29,6±4,2%), 58 -
carcinomas (35,8±3,8%), 19 with sarcomas of soft tissue and bone (11,7±2,5%), 13 - with tumors of the nerve roots
(8,02±2,1%), 5 – tumors of blood vessels (3,1±1,4%), 8 with melanoma (4,9±1,7%), 8 - other tumors (4,9±1,7%),
3 - with benign changes (1,8±1,1%).
The correspondence between the cytological diagnosis made at admission, and a diagnosis made according
to the results of histological and immunohistochemical studies carried out graphically using correlation analysis
according to Spearman’s criterion.
Figure 1 shows the fl uctuation range of cytological diagnosis regarding the diagnosis is established by
histological examination. Cytological diagnosis of lymphoproliferative diseases, undifferentiated carcinoma, malignant
tumors of the nerve roots coincides with diagnoses obtained by histological studies, the range of oscillation is small.
Cytological diagnosis of bone sarcomas and soft tissue, melanoma, other tumors and benign changes has a very large
range of scatter around the diagnosis is established by histological examination, perhaps due to the small number
of observations (fi gure 1)
When comparing the cytological diagnosis and histological method of diagnosis showed similar pattern.
Cytological diagnosis of lymphoproliferative diseases, undifferentiated carcinoma, malignant tumors of the nerve
root had confi rmed it by immunohistochemical studies, the fl uctuation range was narrower (fi gure 2). A cytological
diagnosis of tumor blood vessels, tumors and other benign changes had a greater range of fl uctuation concerning
Figure 1 – the Ratio of the frequency of coincidence
between cytological and histological diagnoses of
tumors without initially-identifi ed lesion.
Figure 2 - the Ratio of the frequency of coincidence
between
cytological
and
immunohistochemical
diagnosis of tumors without initially-identifi ed lesion
16
Специальный выпуск журнала «Медицина и экология», 2015
МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ — НОВЫЕ ГОРИЗОНТЫ
the diagnosis obtained by the immunohistochemical examination, diagnosis at admission is the least accurate, and
cytological verifi cation of the tumor is possible from any group, except for lymphoproliferative diseases.
When comparing the histological and histological method of diagnosis observed a smoother picture. Histological
diagnosis of lymphoproliferative diseases, undifferentiated carcinomas, sarcomas of bones and soft tissues, malignant
tumors of the nerve roots varies weakly and has a high degree of confi rmation immunohistochemical study (fi gure
3). Histological diagnosis of the tumor blood vessels, melanoma, squamous cell cancer, tumors and other benign
changes often do not coincide with the diagnosis issued by immunohistochemical studies, and have a wide range
of fl uctuations. Histological diagnosis of tumors can be immunohistochemically verifi ed in any group, except for
lymphoproliferative diseases.
The coeffi cient of the Spearman rank correlation was
used for statistical confi rmation of a relationship between two
qualitative rows of the studied characteristics (diagnoses) with
their assessment of the closeness of the match and expressed
quantitatively rank correlation coeffi cient (table 1). The results
of the analysis of rank correlation coeffi cients suggest that the
distribution of diagnoses in groups that exhibited cytologically,
histologically and immunohistochemically, has a statistically
signifi cant relationship (p<0.05) but the magnitude of their
0,58-0,65 corresponds to an average degree and does not
imply a complete coincidence of diagnoses. Life expectancy
and the outcome of treatment was not statistically signifi cant
relations with the class of diagnosis of tumors without initially-
identifi ed lesion established cytologically, histologically, and
immunohistochemically.
Thus, there was a statistically signifi cant link
medium between the diagnoses of tumors without initially-
identifi ed lesion installed on admission, histological and
immunohistochemical examination.
Table 1 – Coeffi cients of rank correlation Spearman diagnoses of tumors without initially-identifi ed lesion established
cytologically, histologically, and immunhistochemically.
Diagnosis at
admission
Histological
diagnosis
Immunaly-
histological-
chemical
diagnosis
Outcome of a
disease
Life expectancy
Diagnosis at
admission
1,000000
0,654215
0,607475
0,049174
0,002219
Histological
diagnosis
0,654215
1,000000
0,585849
0,050015
-0,041906
Immunaly-
histological-
chemical
diagnosis
0,607475
0,585849
1,000000
0,044539
-0,019198
CONCLUSIONS
Revealed a high degree of discrepancy between the cytological and histological diagnoses (χ2=515,
p=0.00001), histological and immunohistochemical (χ2=378, p=0.00001), cytological and immunohistochemical
(χ2=556, p=0.00001). When using rank correlation Coeffi cient revealed a statistically signifi cant relationship mod-
erate, which does not imply a complete overlap between the diagnoses of tumors of unknown origin, established by
cytological, histological and immunohistochemical examination, indicating the need for immunohistochemical studies
in this pathology.
References
1. Diagnosis and treatment of isolated neck metastases of adenocarcinomas/ C. Zuur, M. van Velthuysen,
J. Schornagel, F. Hilgers, A. Balm/ // SurgOncol. - 2002 Mar. - 28(2).- 147 – 52.
2. Diagnostic and treatment strategy in patients with metastases of malignant tumors with no obvious primary lesion
/ G. Komarov, D. Komov // Moscow: Triada-X. – 2002. - 136 p.
Figure 3 - the Ratio of the frequency overlap
between the histological and immunohistochemical
diagnosis of tumors without initially-identifi ed lesion
Специальный выпуск журнала «Медицина и экология», 2015
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МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ — НОВЫЕ ГОРИЗОНТЫ
3. Guidance on immunohistochemical diagnosis of human tumors/ S. Petrov, N. Reichlin // Moscow: Triada-X. – 2004.
-256 p.
4. Reseptimmunohistochemical markers in the differential diagnosis of primary and metastatic carcinomas of the liver
/ Murat Gokden, Anjali Shinge // Diagn. Citopatrol.- 2005.- № 3.- P. 166 – 172 (2).
5. Tumor markers in metastatic disease from cancer of unknown primary origin./ M. Milovic, I. Popov, S. Jelic // Med
SciMonit 2002 Feb; 8(2): МТ 25 – 30.
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