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Алматы, 2000.
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Yerbol KAIRANOV
PhD, docent
T.Zhurgenov KazNAA,
Kazakhstan, Almaty
er.kb.oner@mail.ru
Arnur KARYMSAKOV
PhD, docent
T.Zhurgenov KazNAA,
Kazakhstan, Almaty
nur.oner@ mail.ru)
THE INTEGRATION OF MODERN KAZAKH MONUMENTAL ART
INTO THE GLOBAL CULTURAL SPACE
Abstract - Today Kazakhstan is seeking to integrate into the global cultural
space and makes his own spiritual and scientific contributions to the treasury of
human culture. The article considers the prospects for integration of the monumental
art of Kazakhstan into the global cultural space. The national project "Cultural
heritage" actualizes the country's culture need to go beyond itself, to realize and take
another picture of the world and the other meanings of life. Thanks to cooperation
with UNESCO expands many opportunities for cultural enrichment. Identifying
ranking artists, international contacts, awareness of art abroad, and new global
trends, this requires extensive research.
Резюме - Сегодня Казахстан стремится к интеграции в мировое
культурное пространство и вносит собственный духовный и научный вклад в
сокровищницу общечеловеческой культуры. В статье рассматриваются
перспективы интеграции монументального искусства Казахстана в мировое
культурное пространство. Национальный проект «Культурное наследие»
актуализирует потребность культуры страны выйти за границы самой себя,
осознать и принять другую картину мира и другие смыслы бытия. Благодаря
сотрудничеству с ЮНЕСКО происходит культурное обогащение и расширение
возможностей. Выявление рейтинга художников, международных контактов,
узнаваемости искусства за рубежом, а также новых мировых тенденций, все
это требует широкомасштабной исследовательской работы.
Key words – monumental art, cultural integration, sculpture, painting,
cultural heritage.
Ключевые слова: монументальное искусство, культурная интеграция,
скульптура, живопись, культурное наследие.
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The monumental art of Kazakhstan is a huge complex comprised of numerous
rockpetroglyphs, sculptural figurines of monumental importance found in Scythian
and Turkic kurgans (burial mounds), preserved ancient stone statues, stellas
( kulyptassy), ornamented monumental paintings in medieval mausoleums,
monumental-decorative art and monumental memorials of the Soviet period
(1960ies-1980ies), as well as memorial complexes, and many other examples of
monumental art. Presently Kazakhstan is transforming its artistic-aesthetic image
within the framework of the national self-identification. Being an independent
nation on the way of developing national symbols, it is erecting sculptural
monuments and historical memorial complexes. The forms in new solutions are
inspired by traditional plastics basics formed long ago.
As Kazakhstan entered the world arena as an independent, sovereign state, it
is essentially important to merge into the global cultural community as well. Culture
of Kazakhstan, as it is known, went through several stages of formation, and today,
we need to understand regularities of overall human development of history, culture
and civilization. To understand how comparable or different at both civilizational
and cultural levels, various local cultures and peoples are, is a demand of the time.
Traditions and innovations in monumental art of modern Kazakhstan are pre-
conditioned by its strong link with the traditional worldview of the Kazakh people.
Having absorbed the national and foreign cultural experience, as well as the various
painting trends and phenomena, the contemporary monumental art of Kazakhstan
entered into the international cultural space as the spiritual unit capable of further
developing. Petroglyphs, rock Kazakh graffiti, stone statues and wall paintings
preserved from the ancient times on the territory of Kazakhstan are one of the
factors that determine the nature of the sustainable contemporary Kazakh art in the
globalization age. They have become a direct source of monumental art in our times.
Artists, when referring to the traditional heritage, gain the knowledge about the laws
of monumentality, the principles of decorativeness.
The defining phenomenon of professional monumental art in Kazakhstan is
the internal and external transformation, initially founded by the Russian-European
realism tradition under the influence of the ethnic, cultural and attitudinal factors.
The basis of the Kazakhstani professional monumental art was surely founded by the
Russian school of Soviet monumental practices. The Soviet monumental art,
widespread in the new cities in the 60-80-ies of the 20
th
century in Kazakhstan,
established a profound basis for the development of the domestic professional
monumental art, relevant to the world experience. Also, thanks to many artists’
training at Russian higher educational institutions in the Soviet times and
establishing of the first Kazakhstani school of monumental art, enabled the effective
development of monumental art in the Independence period.
The perspective and features of contemporary monumental art development
are determined by the two main points: the traditional Kazakh monumental art,
enriched with the experience of the Russian monumental art, and the world type art,
classic tricks of which are being actively applied and contribute to the further
development of national school. As a rule, the monumental art was given a
particular attention in the times of global economic and political change, in the times
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of public enthusiasm, intellectual and cultural blossoming, depending on the stability
of national development, when creativity is intended to express the most relevant
ideas. And in the socio-political life of Kazakhstan, who has achieved its
independence, the tradition has continued, for example, the construction of
memorials and monuments in honor of prominent personalities, rulers and heroes,
who had defended their homeland and unity of Kazakhstani people.
At the beginning of the 21st century's the Kazakhstani monumental art is in
the dynamic development on the basis of the experience of the world monumental
art. Determining value of monumental art in the architecture and development of
modern images of Kazakhstan cities underscored the need for thoughtful use of
world experience. Analysis of modern trends in the US monumental art showed
that for successful development of contemporary monumental art artists need to put
three important tasks. The first task is to pursue national traditions and reflect the
new spirit of the age. The second task is to bring up the aesthetic feelings of
people, their ability to provide correct assessment of art works. The third task for
the future artists of monumental art is to use a variety of themes, create profound
and interesting shape. They should reflect the lives of the people, be of great
educational and educational value for both the patriot and a man globally conscious
of planetary problems (ecology of nature, the fragility of existence, the world
without war, etc.)
Today, Kazakhstan is striving for integration into the world cultural milieu
and is making its own spiritual and scientific contribution to the treasure house of
universal human culture. Scientific research into ancient artifacts of Kazakhstan has
drawn scholars from Japan, Mongolia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Russia, Ukraine,
Finland, France, Bulgaria, Hungary, Great Britain, the U.S. and other countries.
Close cooperation with scientific centers of those governments has been established,
and joint research on the Turkic heritage is being conducted. Today’s heightened
interest in scientific circles in the ancient artifacts of Kazakhstan is connected with
the enactment in 2003 of the government program “Cultural Heritage”. Thanks to
this program, researchers of Kazakhstan have researched and collected many
historical materials of Kazakhstan abroad. In the study of ancient monuments of
Kazakhstan, one must make special note of the important role of UNESCO, with
whose support many international programs are being conducted. Foreign scholars
like H.W. Bailey [1], Pekkanen T. [2], Debaine-Francfort C. [3], Ulansey D. [4],
Harmatta Y. [5], Esther Jacobson [6], L'uomo d'oro [7], Joan Aruz, Ann Farkas,
Elisabetta Valtz Fino [8], Claudia Chang and Katharine S. Guroff [9] have also
studied the culture of ancient Kazakhstan.
Traditional forms of monumental art that obtained the sustainable
development and conservation in Kazakhstan are in the three main areas:
petroglyphs, sculptural statues and memorial buildings. Also, a special role is
attributed to rock, wall graffitis and painitngs, interrelated with zoo-
anthropomorphic and sculptural statues ( kulyptasy, koitasy, sandyktasy), that got
widespread development in Western Kazakhstan. Petroglyphs are one of the oldest
types of monumental - decorative painting and they were found to be possessing a
striking continuity not only in the modern Kazakhstani art but also in many cultures
of the world. These are such vivid petroglyphic complexes as Eshkiolmes, Bayan
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Zurek, Tamgaly, Kulzhabasy, Sauyskandyk, Arpauzen, Tosbulak, Kyzylshyn,
Kaskabulak, Tekturmas, and other "cultural and historic landscapes" [10]. The
Tamgaly sanctuary in the twenty-first century has become of universal importance,
having entered the UNESCO World Heritage, as it possessesa greatest continuity of
traditions in contemporary art not only in Kazakhstan but also all over the world.
Especially sensational is the chronological dating of the universal significance of the
monument. In the sanctuary there are the petroglyphs of different historical eras
from the 2
nd
half of the 2
nd
Millennium BC to the mid-20
th
century. Just the records
of “The Cultural Heritage" state program claim thatin Tamgaly there were identified
more than five thousand drawings.
Paintings in the ancient underground Maikhan-uula Mausoleum. The mound
was discovered in 2011 in Central Mongolia, 210 km west of Ulan Bator by thejoint
expedition of Kazakhstani and Mongolian scientists (archaeologists Zh.
Karzhaubaiuly and R. Erdenbold. The Turkic kurgan (burial mound) is surrounded
by a moat, as well as the Besshatyr Sak burial mound.
The consensus among archeologists is in that that the underground
mausoleum was designed for Kagan (ruler) of the first Turkic Kaganat
(Commonwealth). This legacy of the 7
th
century AD that is specific only to the local
Turkic people, immediately became a sensation of world importance as a unique
example of the Turkic culture.This is confirmedby the world-class famous scientists,
such as D. Tsevendorzh (Director, Institute of The Academy of Sciences of
Mongolia, doctor of historical sciences, honored scientist of the Republic of
Mongolia), T. Moriatsu (doctor of historical sciences, specialist in studies of the
Tang era, Japan), Isson Buk (archeologist, Professor at Seoul University,
Korea).Sensationally important as the legacy of monumental art are the wall
paintings of the great steppe (about 20 decorative images, total length of 56 meters)
[11]. Before the discovering this archaeological monument by the Kazakhstani
science, including art history, the ancient Turkic monumental art was known as
monumental stellas and stone statues.Now, when the highly informativepaintings
were first opened to the eyes of the world, preserved since the ancient times of the
Turkic kaganats, this is an important contribution of the ancient Turks to the world
culturaltreasury.
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Memorial complex of Korkyt-Ata. The monument looks like a monument -
sized kobyz (B. Ibrayev, A. Karpykov, 1980), built with the support of military
builders at Baikonur. At this point on the banks of the Syr Darya river there is a
grave of Korkyt, which had once been washed away by the river in the ancient
times. In the Pope's Library there was found the edition of the book ”To my
grandfather Korkyt", dating back to the 15
th
and 16
th
centuries. All over the Turkic
world the great thinker is revered with respect. Over 400 words of blessing by
Korkyt were prepared for printing in Berlin by the German scholar H. Ditz. Korkyt’s
poems are kept in Dresden, the Vatican Library. “My grandfather Korkyt’s Book”
wastranslated into the languages of the peoples of Western Europe and the East [12].
Truly a people's model in preserving national traditions in contemporary art of
Kazakhstan is the “Issatay-Makhambet“ architectural memorial complex (sculptors
B.A. Abishev, E.A. Sergebayev, architects P. Bokebai and B. Taitaliyev, Atyrau,
2003). Architectural memorial complex was awarded high marks at the architectural
exhibition in Florence, Italy. In the history of the monumental columns, monuments, of
human value are only monuments of independence. This is a very important value, the
freedom of the people who have their own native land, their language and their
traditions. The nation-scaleproject in the modern culture of Kazakhstan in the early 21
st
century, a symbol of independence and creativity, is “Kazakh people“ architectural-
sculptural complex (Astana, a large art group of sculptors, 2009).
With the monument of the last Kazakh
Khan (ruler) Kenessary (Astana, sculptor N.
Dalbai, architect of Sh.Ch. Valikhanov, 2001)
began a rapid development of a special kind of
traditional monumental art, the equestrian
monuments of Kazakhstan in the Independence
period. This kind is particularly significant for
the Kazakh monumental sculpture as it is an
expressive element of continuity with the
nomadic civilization ancestors.
After all, for example, there were found in Kazakhstan in 1980, in Botai
settlement, by the archaeologist V. Seibert,
the remains of horses (North Kazakhstan)
which are the most ancient artifacts of the
domestication of horses in the world (about
6 thousand years ago). It was confirmed in a
new genetic study by a group of 8 scientists
from 6 countries, including the United
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States, Britain and Kazakhstan (2006). That is why, in Kazakhstan, in all the cities,
provinces, districts within the period from 2000 to 2012 quickly to rise were more
than fifteen major equestrian monuments, of the most famous khans and batyrs
(rulers and heroes of the Kazakh people).
The State List of Kazakhstan’s history and culture monuments includes 11,
495 objects, of which 285 are the history and culture monuments of republican
importance, and two of them are the unique monuments: The Mausoleum of
Khodzha Akhmed Yassawi (in 2003) and Petroglyphs within the Archaeological
Landscape of Tamgaly (in 2004) – are inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage
List. The last category of monuments-nominees for inclusion in UNESCO’s World
Heritage List is presented by Boralday, Issyk and Besshatyr necropolises.
In total for twenty years of independence of Kazakhstan, ten history and
culture monuments were included in the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage
objects. Among them are: the architectural complex of Khodzha Akhmed Yassawi
and Yassy-Turkestan ancient settlement, Petroglyphs within the Archaeological
Landscape of Tamgaly, Turkic sanctuary of Merke, Megalithic mausoleums of the
Begazy-Dandybai culture. The World Heritage Centre also included Barrows with
stone ranges of the Tasmola culture, Petroglyphs of Eshki-olmes and Petroglyphs of
Arpa-Uzen, paleolithic sites and geomorphology of Karatau mountain range,
Archaeological sites of Otrar oasis and Cultural landscape of Ulytau into the
UNESCO tentative list. Now Kazakhstan wishes to include 31 history and
archeology monuments in the “Great Silk Road” nomination into UNESCO World
Heritage List. The President of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev has highlighted a
great role UNESCO plays in popularizing the world culture.
Monuments commemorating important historical events and honouring
prominent figures are set as a token of gratitude or for the imperishable memory by
descendants. In the modern era of globalization the tendency of monumental art
integration into the global cultural space has been increasing. Monumental art
integration processes are taking place all over the world. Many countries as an
expression of diplomatic relations and friendship give gifts in the form of setting up
sculptural monuments in major cities of foreign states.
One of such a friendly gesture is the historical example of
France to the United States of America, the world famous
monument, The Statue of Liberty (New York City, the
sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi, the architect Richard Hunt, 1886).
The height (from the ground to the torch) is 93 meters. A gift
to the United States from the people of France was dedicated to
the centenary of the American Declaration of Independence in
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1876. Recently, on October 28, 2011, the USA celebrated the 125
th
anniversary of
the world famous monument that has become the symbol of America –The Statue of
Liberty. Standing in New York Harbor, on Liberty Island, opposite Manhattan, for
many years it has met immigrants arriving in America. Initially the statue was
intended to commemorate the long-standing friendship between France and the
United States; with the passage of time it has become the primary symbol of the
United States, and now it has become an international symbol of freedom and
democracy.
Here, on the Hudson River Bank, opposite the
national symbol of America, The Statue of Liberty, in
2006 there was erected the Tear of Grief monument (the
sculptor Zurab Tsereteli). The monument was given to the
people of the United States by the President Vladimir
Putin as an official gift of the Russian people to the
Americans, as a memorial to the victims of the September
11 attacks. It stands in the City of Bayonne, New Jersey,
the USA. The height of the sculpture is 32 meters.
The monument to the American
poet Walt Whitman was reared next to
the First Humanitarian Arts Faculty
Building at the Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. The
author is the sculptor A. N. Burganov (born in 1935). The
official opening of the monument took place on October, 14,
2009. The monument was given to Moscow by the Mayor’s
Office of Washington, D. C., in response to the decision by the
Moscow authorities in 2000 to present A. S. Pushkin’s
monument (the sculptor A. N. Burganov) to the American capital
city. The name of Alexander Burganov has become significant in
the Russian monumental sculpture history. He is the author to
multitude of monuments erected in the towns and cities of
Russia, Belgium, Germany, Mongolia, the USA, France, and many other states [13].
In 2011 году between the United Kingdom and Russia
there was signed the agreement on holding the British-Russian
Year of Cosmos (Space). On April, 12, 2011, the mankind
celebrated the 50
th
anniversary of the first human space flight. In
connection with this significant date, as well as the
50
th
anniversary of Yuri Gagarin’s visit to the United Kingdom,
in the center of London near Trafalgar Square there was erected
the monument to Yuri Gagarin (1934-1968). A copy of the
monument in Lyubertsy (Moscow region), was
presented by the British Council to Roskosmos
(The Russian Space Agency). The original
monument was created to Yuri Gagarin’s 50-th anniversary by the
sculptor Anatoly Novikov.
Also, Yuri Gagarin’s monument was opened in Houston,
Texas, the United States, in 2012; the monument was conceived as a
207
symbol of the Russian-American cooperation in space exploration and was set at the
historic building of the NASA headquarters. As this was stated by the Mayor of the
city, Yuri Gagarin’s deed is deemed an international one, and, if in the 1960ies this
was called the space race, now the meaning lies in that that we all work together.
The 2.7 meters tall statue was designed by the young Russian sculptor Alexei
Leonov.
And yet, another monument to the first cosmonaut of the Earth, Yuri Gagarin,
was officially opened in India's financial capital, Mumbai, in 2011. The monument
was given to India as a gift from Russia.
In Kazakhstan the monument to the first
man in space (the only one in the Republic) was
opened in January, 2011 in Karagandy town. On
the territory of CIS, the monument to Yuri Gagarin
is only in Moscow, Russia. The event was
dedicated to the 50
th
anniversary of the first human
space flight, and to the 20
th
anniversary of
Kazakhstan’s independence. The author of the
monument is the local artist-architect M. Baisbai.
For the first time in the
Kazakhstan’s monumental art
history, abroad there was
erected a monument – a copy of the Golden man. The Golden
Warrior statue in front of the Embassy of the Republic of
Kazakhstan in Washington, D.C., was opened by the President
Nursultan Nazarbayev in 2006. "The opening of the monument
is a significant event for our country," noted N.
Nazarbayev. “Such a monument, representing the image of the
ancient Saka Warrior, was reared in Almaty, where the
independence of our state was proclaimed. The figure of a
warrior, however, embodies the image of the peace-loving
people" [14].
The monument to Abai Kunanbayev (1845-1904) in Moscow was opened in
April 2006, within the framework of opening Abai’s year
and Pushkin’s year in Russia and Kazakhstan respectively.
The authors to the monument are the sculptor M. Ainekov,
the designer T. Suleimenov, the artist Drobitskiy E. and the
architect V. Romanenko. The monument is installed in
Tchistoprudnyi Boulevard, near the Embassy of the
Republic of Kazakhstan in Russia. The poet Abai made an
immense contribution to the spiritual interactions between
the Kazakh and Russian peoples, contributed into the
cultural exchange between the two countries. Abai was
creating all of his works a hundred years ago, but
everything he said and everything he called for, remains
relevant up to day, when Russia and Kazakhstan, as two
independent and sovereign states, preserve the traditions of
208
the older generations, this way strengthening friendship and integration between the
states.
Earlier, in the capital of Kazakhstan, Astana in 1999
there was opened the monument to the great Russian poet
Alexander Sergeyevitch Pushkin (the sculptor A.
Kovaltchuk). This monument was presented to the
Republic of Kazakhstan by the Russian Federation. Abai’s
monuments have been set up not only in Moscow and
other cities and towns in Kazakhstan, but also in Istanbul
and Tehran. The monuments by the sculptor Marat
Ainekov (born in 1941, the author of Abai Kunanbayev’s
monument in Moscow), about thirty of them are in different cities and towns in
Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkey and Iran. M. Ainekov created Abai Kunanbayev’s
monuments in 2005 in Istanbul (Turkey) and in 2007 in Tehran (The Islamic
Republic of Iran).
In 2003 in St. Petersburg there was set up the 4 meters tall
bronze monument to the Kazakh akyn (a national epic songs
writer and performer) Zhambyl Zhabayev; this was a gift by
Kazakhstan to St. Petersburg’s 300
th
anniversary. The authors
are: the artist-architect F. Romanovskiy, the sculptor V.
Sveshnikov and the Kazakhtsani sculptor B. Abishev.
Engraved in the gold letters are the lines of Zhambyl
Zhabayev’s poem "Leningrad Dwellers, my Children". These
letters reflect on the waves of the flowing river. The sculpture
of the poet, installed in the Park, exudes a special aura. The
seven beam yurta (a nomadic dwelling house) and the singing
fountain make up the additional adornment to the great akyn-
improviser’s monument [15].
Also, the monument to the great Kazakh poet
Zhambyl Zhabayev was set up in Kiyev city, in 2012. The
authors come from The Republic of Kazakhstan: the
sculptor М. S. Аzmaganbetov and the architect К. Zh.
Zharylgapov. And yet, in 2014 in Astana it is planned to rear
the monument to Tarass Shevtchenko, in dedication to the
200
th
anniversary of the great kobzar’ (a Ukranian national
songs writer and performer). Zhambyl Zhabayev highly
appreciated the creative works by Tarss Shevtchenko, the
Ukrainian poet and writer, and so, in 1939, in the honor of
his 125
th
anniversary, created the “Song about Tarass” poem.
On the May, 15, 2011, in the “ALZHIR” memorial complex
built by the initiative of the President Nursultan Nazarbayev, not far from Astana,
there was opened the monument to the Ukrainian women, who had been subject to
unfair punishment as family members of “traitors to Motherland”.
Since achieving independence, it has become possible for the art of
Kazakhstan to compare itself with and see itself next to other national cultures at an
international level. A re-thinking of ancient traditions and a cultural renaissance,
209
which Kazakhstan is undergoing today, are essential and organic in the process of
the formation and affirmation of the country as an independent nation. The
awakening of a national consciousness has moved artists towards a spiritual re-
thinking of the heritage of their ancestors and of the symbols of Kazakhstan’s
ancient peoples, and towards a discovering of the distinctive national archetypes. In
the plastic art forms, one notes a keen interest in Turkic traditions, the archetypes of
the nomadic consciousness. Artists turning to ancient archeological discoveries
have found convincing answers in monumental art.
However, while paying homage to the traditional culture, one cannot make it
absolute. Culture is not something frozen or ancient; people create it with their own
efforts. Kazakhstan's culture should be considered in the world civilization context,
such is the global trend. Peoples ought to be brought together to create new values,
culture of peace and human civilization.
The future reveals itself only to that culture and art, which, assuring their
original vision of the world, are open to the world history and culture experience,
and are capable of understanding other cultures, and of interacting with them.
Decorative art, by adopting the experience of other nations and cultures, expands the
space of its own existence [16].
According to M. Freslim the problem "intercultural communication" in his
monograph ‘looks at how a new theory of the cultural networks can be applied in
studying some of the values in the cinema. This is an opportunity to get to know our
world and offers new ways of intercultural communication’ [17; 18, р.8; 19, pp.75,
87].
The new challenges of the early 21
st
century and the large-scale tasks in the
sphere of international relations in the globalization context, attach growing
importance to the cultural and humanitarian relations. In the 21
st
century culture can
develop only at the junction, in line with other cultures, in a dialogue with them.
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