ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИХ
СПОСОБНОСТЕЙ У УЧАЩИХСЯ
НА УРОКАХ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
256
вание языковых знаний у каждого ученика и видеть результат данной
деятельности, что имеет большое значение для современного человека.
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Жунусова А.К., Назарбаев Интеллектуальная Школа химико-
биологического направления г. Усть-Каменогорск
TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE IMPACT OF
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ON TEACHING PRACTICE:
INTELLECTUAL SECONDARY SCHOOL IN KAZAKHSTAN
Context
Continuing professional development (CPD) is becoming a priority in
education systems of most countries worldwide. The demand for enhanced
Раздел 3.
Вопросы реализации компетентностного подхода
в преподавании иностранных языков
257
quality of teaching and learning along with growing accountability and higher
academic standards has led to issues related to the effective professional
development on the agenda of educators, researchers and policy-makers
(Creemers, Kyriakides, Antoniou, 2013). Now CPD is viewed as the most
effi cient approach to provide teachers with adequate training, and improve
their instructional and intervention practices (Fraser, Kennedy, Reid,
Mckinney, 2007). Generally speaking, the teachers’ CPD is one of the major
factors in ensuring the effectiveness of education reforms at all level.
The research takes place in Intellectual Secondary School. This school
has the capacity of 720 seats. At present there are 668 students and 485 of
them are the holders of educational grant given by the First President of the
Republic of Kazakhstan. The quality innovative educational model, that
meets the needs of the modern Kazakh society is realized by 118 Kazakhstani
teachers. They are 13 teacher-experts, 40 teacher-moderators, 35 teachers and
30 probationers. Moreover, 14 of them are involved in the development of
educational programs and 9 work in the development of textbooks. 24 foreign
teachers from such countries as the USA, Canada, New Zealand, and the UK
are invited to team-teach with local teachers. Educators in this school always
improve their skills by attending professional development courses. Both
experienced and newly qualifi ed teachers have an equal chance to get trained
within the country as well as abroad and to improve basic skill and acquire
new. However it is still questionable which provisions are successful in
delivering high quality training. The main purpose of this study is to examine
teachers’ perceptions of the professional development and its infl uence on
teaching practice. The following research questions will guide this research:
1. What CPD courses have teachers had?
2. What other CPD provisions are available?
3. What are the forms of delivery?
4. How effective was delivery?
5. To what extent and how CPD had affected teachers teaching
practice?
1. Literature review
1.1. Continuing professional development
There is a plethora of interpretations of the concept of CPD and usually
authors use various terms when making a reference to this concept. According
to Day and Sachs (2004) CPD can refer to ‘all the activities in which teachers
engage during the course of a career which are designed to enhance their
work’. Literature revealed that CPD is often associated with terms such
Жунусова А.К.
TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE IMPACT OF
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ON TEACHING
PRACTICE: INTELLECTUAL SECONDARY
SCHOOL IN KAZAKHSTAN
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as human resource development, staff development, career development,
lifelong learning and continuing education. As claimed by Taylor (1975)
staff development and further professional study are the main components
of teacher professional development (cited in Bell and Day, 1991). He
highlighted that staff development emerges from the needs of institution,
whereas further professional study originate from individual needs (Bell
and Day, 1991). However, Watson (1976) argues, professional development
ensures personal and professional development of the school staff, in so doing
improves performance of both teachers and schools (cited in Bella and Day,
1991). Day (1999) later agrees that all natural learning experiences, which
constitute professional development, are intended to benefi t the individual,
group or school. These experiences can be weather conscious or unconscious,
direct or indirect. Moreover, professional development contributes to the
quality of teaching in the classroom (Day, 1999).
Some authors consider professional development as a systematic
process. For instance Guskey (2000) claims, ‘true professional development
is a systematic process that considers change over an extended period of
time and takes into account all levels of the organization. Glatthorn (1995)
supports this view and defi nes it as the systematic examination and analyzing
of teaching and the professional growth of a teacher achieved as a result
of gaining increased experience. Consequently, the absence of a systematic
approach can hinder or prevent the success of improvement efforts.
1.2. Models of CPD
From the previous part it is clear that continuous professional
development has a wide range of defi nitions. However, it has many models
of delivery as well. These models provide teachers with a wide range of
opportunities and options to improve their professional knowledge and skills.
Literature review revealed that there exist two models of professional
development: traditional and alternative. However, because of the changes
in teacher’s role and responsibilities, traditional model which takes form of
formal courses and one-shot seminars is being widely criticized by researchers.
This mode of delivery is described as shallow and short to have positive
impact on teaching and learning, in addition it is lack of in-depth learning
(Liberman, 1995; Darling-Hammond, 1997; Ferguson, 2006). Killion and
Harrison (2006) highlight, ‘traditional professional development usually
occurs away from the schools site, separate from classroom contexts and
challenges in which teachers are expected to apply what they have learned,
and often without the necessary support to facilitate transfer of learning.’
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Alternative model, in comparison to traditional one, is collaborative
and learner-centred in nature. The main focus of this model is to create an
environment where teachers can experiment new ideas, be refl ective, and
build up knowledge about teaching and learning in the authentic context
(Borko and Putnam, 1998).
There are various forms of professional development delivery, which
exist within the traditional and alternative models. Guskey (2000) states
that the main professional development models are described by Sparks
and Loucks-Horsley (1989) and Drago-Severson (1994). Professional
development can be organized in the following forms: training, mentoring,
study groups, action research, observation/assessment, individually guided
activities, and involvement in a development.
1.3. The impact on teaching practice
The main focus of this study is to examine teachers’ perceptions of the
impact on their teaching practice made by the various types of professional
development. There is a number of research works (Bredeson, 2000; Boyle
et al, 2004; Desimone, 2009; Bolam, 2002; Hargreaves and Evans, 1997),
which support the idea that taking part in professional development brings
about changes in teaching practice.
As indicated by an inquiry of teachers’ participation in professional
development, activities within such programmes equipped teachers with up-
to-date information, changed their perception of teaching and their teaching
practice, and encouraged them to search for additional information (Bredeson,
2000). Boyle et. al. (2004) agree that professional development can lead to
changes in teaching style, improve teacher collaboration, planning, classroom
management, and assessment practices. Professional development infl uences
the teachers’ decision-making ability and leadership behaviour (Desimone,
2009) so that to bring valuable changes in teaching and educate students more
effectively (Bolam, 2002; Hargreaves and Evans, 1997). Teachers feel that in
the long-run professional development experiences have supported them in
building confi dence with their practice (Buczynski and Hansen, 2010; Powell
et. al., 2003). Besides, Harris et. al. (2011) identifi ed that the majority of
teachers accepted that professional development has positively infl uenced
their confi dence in teaching.
Research studies refl ect that some features of CPD are critical to
enriching teacher knowledge and skills, and enhancing their teaching. For
instance, individually oriented CPD revealed few cases when practices and
beliefs of a teacher changed as a result of participating in CPD. (General
Жунусова А.К.
TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE IMPACT OF
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ON TEACHING
PRACTICE: INTELLECTUAL SECONDARY
SCHOOL IN KAZAKHSTAN
260
Teaching Council for England, 2005.) Timperley (2008) claims ‘it is
unfortunately possible for professional development to have an adverse
impact on teacher practice and student outcomes’. Timperley (2008) further
explains that not every expert, offering professional development activities,
has the knowledge and skills to do such things. To provide effective
professional development experts should be familiar with the content of the
relevant curricula and what teaching practices make a difference for students
(ibid).
1.4. Effective professional development
A review of literature showed that there is a number of research
studies (Desimone, 2009; Hawley and Valli, 1999; Timperley, 2008) that
focus mainly on the evaluation of features of professional development that
are effective in relation to teaching practice. Findings from these research
works have revealed that professional development is more effective when
‘the teacher has an active role in constructing knowledge (teacher as action
researcher), collaborates with colleagues (collective critical refl ection), the
content relates to, and is situated in, the daily teaching practice (emphasis on
teaching skills), the content is differentiated to meet individual developmental
needs and the possibilities and limitations of the workplace are taken into
account.’ (Creemers et. al., 2013)
Guskey (2000) believes, getting regular feedbacks is able to change
teaching practice unlike professional development conducted in the forms of
large group presentations, trainings, workshops and seminars. He mentions
that effective professional development for teachers needs to provide them
with such opportunity (Guskey, 2000). While Hargreaves (1999) states that
collaboration raises effi ciency since it ‘eliminates duplication and removes
redundancy between teachers and subjects as activities are co-ordinated and
responsibilities are shared in complementary ways’ (Hargreaves, 1999).
A strong emphasis on knowledge content is crucial to the effectiveness
of any professional development, argues Borko (2004). It is believed that
participation in professional development presents the opportunities for
teachers to renovate their knowledge base along with introducing new
knowledge and skills (Borko, 2004). Consequently, it can be said that
knowledge content is the most important feature of any form of teachers’
professional development.
Summarizing, CPD is a broad and extensive concept and there is
no unique defi nition. However, there are some key defi nitions that are
close in the meaning and show the nature of CPD. CPD is considered as an
Раздел 3.
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intentional, ongoing and systematic process of training and learning, which
can take place either in external or work-based settings. Mainly, CPD is
designed to contribute to the advancing the quality of learning and teaching
and consequently, to improve education system. It is also evident from this
chapter that CPD has two models and can take various forms of delivery.
Applying alternative while organizing CPD is more prevalent as it has
collaborative nature and centered on the learner. It became apparent that CPD
has a direct infl uence on teaching and student achievement. In addition, the
effectiveness of CPD can be measured taking into consideration the changes
that are brought into classroom and results of students. The emerged themes
while reviewing literature will shape the design of this research work.
2. Research Methodology
2.1. Approach
The research takes place in the Intellectual Secondary School in
Kazakhstan. Consequently, a case study approach was chosen to investigate
the problem of the study in greater depth. According to Creswell (2010), a
case study approach allows for gaining insights of a particular situation/case
and understanding its dynamics. Moreover, this approach is an empirical
research type that explores a phenomenon within its real-life context. A case
study provides a unique example of real people in a real situation (Cohen and
Manion, 2007). The choice of case study for this enquiry is determined by its
appropriateness of investigating teachers’ perception of the CPD provided by
school and its impact on their teaching practice. Some researchers critisise a
case study approach for its lack of breadth (Ary et al., 2006) and rigor (Yin,
2009). Thus, as claimed by Yin (2009), it provides little basis for scientifi c
generalisation. However, in spite of these criticisms, this approach is still
the most appropriate to this research work since it gives an opportunity for
detailed exploration and interrogation of an instance in action (Bush, 2002;
Stark, Torrance, 2005).
2.2. Method
Lankshear and Knobel (2004) highlight that the research questions
and the case being researched could be described in-detail and in-depth by
means of qualitative research method. Qualitative research approach has
a number of advantages for an enquiry such as this. This research method
examines systems or people through interacting with and observing them
in their natural setting (Creswell et. al. 2010). McMillan and Schumacher
(2001) refl ect that qualitative research assists the researcher in understanding
human behaviour and experience, particularly in more complex systems of
Жунусова А.К.
TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE IMPACT OF
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ON TEACHING
PRACTICE: INTELLECTUAL SECONDARY
SCHOOL IN KAZAKHSTAN
262
integrated life processes. This research required qualitative method because
the researcher have tried to understand specifi cally teachers’ perceptions of
an infl uence of CPD, they are engaged in, on their teaching practice.
2.3. Instruments
I opted for an interview as the main tool of collecting data Regarding
Kvale (1996), interview is a specifi c form of conversation that usually
involves a researcher asking questions and interviewee answering them
(Robson, 2002). Wellington (2000) agrees that research interviews are
utilised to examine participants’ views, perspectives or experiences.
There are various advantages of the research interview over other
research instruments. ‘Interviews provide the opportunity to cover a broader
range of issues’ and ‘ the researcher is able to explain the meaning of any terms
the participant may not understand’ (Hobson and Townsend, 2010 cited in
Hartas, 2010). In addition, Oppenheim (1992) claims that interviews have high
rates of responses and respondents become more motivated (cited in Cohen
et. al., 2000). Interviewing, however, has limitations as well. This methodcan
be time-consuming, including organising visits, arranging appropriate time
and venue, transcribing the answers, etc. Thus, the sample size may relatively
reduce and it becomes much harder to claim the generalizability (Hobson
and Townsend, 2010 cited in Hartas, 2010). This research applies semi-
structured interviews with open-ended questions. Semi-structured interviews
ensure the coverage of researcher’s agenda and allow interviewees to talk
about important things to them (Hobson and Townsend, 2010 cited in Hartas,
2010). In so doing, the researcher may achieve ‘ both breadth and depth in
their data sets’ (ibid).
2.4. Sampling
This research was conducted in the Intellectual Secondary School
in Kazakhstan. Due to the research being small-scale the researcher could
not involve as many participants as possible. Initially, questionnaires were
distributed to 20 teachers who hold a leading and teaching position in the
school; both experienced and newly qualifi ed teachers. However, owing to
the mentioned above reason the process of questioning is not presented in
this work, but it is in the scope of this research. Teachers for up-following
interviews were selected based on the questionnaires. Among teachers
who had showed their willingness to be interviewed, the researcher chose
1 participant from the leadership team, who is actually in charge of CPD
in school. The rest of participants constituted 2 experienced teachers with
experience no less than 15 years and newly qualifi ed teachers with experience
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no more than 2 years.
The main reason for using this way of selection is to generate a broad
range of perceptions and experiences of teachers about CPD and its infl uence
on teaching practice. In this study, the researcher utilized purposive sampling
to identify particular groups of teachers. Creswell et. al. (2010) mention that
purposive sampling is the sampling approach where participants are selected
based on the data they hold and to satisfy specifi c needs of the researcher
(Cohen et. al., 2000). Creswell et. al. (2010) further explain, the purposive
sampling holds the purpose of gaining the richest source of information to
address the research questions.
2.5. Data collection process
The process of data collection involved mainly semi-structured
interviews. Prior to actual interviews the researcher emailed the interview
schedule so that participants could refl ect on their own CPD. In addition,
interviewees were sent copies of the signed consent. Bearing in mind that
the tested school is located in Kazakhstan and due to some circumstances
the researcher could not travel there to conduct face-to-face interviews.
Consequently, it was decided to hold interviews through Skype program. The
researcher arranged the appointments with interviewees, previously informing
them about the time by email. In case time was suitable, participants chose
a room with necessary equipment (computer, web camera, microphone,
software) where the interview took place. Interviews continued from half an
hour to one hour and were recorded with participants’ permission. Recorded
interviews then were transcribed and sent back to interviewees for respondent
validation.
2.6. Authenticity
It is crucial for the researcher to ensure the research fi ndings are
authentic. Bush (2007) claims ‘the authenticity of educational and social
research can be judged by the procedures used to address validity, reliability’
(cited in Briggs and Coleman, 2007). The researcher acknowledged biases by
taking account of validity, reliability, and ethicality of the research methods
applied. Silverman (2000) asserts that reliability is ‘the degree of consistency
with which instances are assigned to the same category by different observers
or by the same observer on different occasions’. Whereas, ‘validity tells us
whether an item measures or describes what it is supposed to measure or
describe. If an item is unreliable, then it must also lack validity, but reliable
item is not necessarily valid.’ (Bell, 1999). Cohen et al. (2007) claim that the
term reliability is not appropriate as it is common for the fi eld of quantitative
Жунусова А.К.
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