Go early. If your meeting is face-to-face and you'll be traveling abroad, go a few days before your
scheduled meeting. Give yourself time to adjust; you will have to deal with physical adjustments (jet lag, different
foods) as well as a number of cultural adjustments as well. These changes can be overwhelming and should be
spread out to make them manageable. Give yourself time to adjust physically and then your mind will be better
able to make cultural adjustments that are essential for success.
Build your intercultural skills. When working with people from different cultures, you need a solid
understanding of the norms of that culture. You also need communication skills and business strategies that can be
applied across cultures. The items listed above reflect some of the necessary skills for intercultural work in
general. However, individuals need to further their intercultural competence based on their own situations and
needs.
To determine what skills you need to develop, reflect on past intercultural experiences (for people with
limited experience abroad, think of experiences working and interacting with people and groups different from
you). When do you become uncomfortable, rigid, or shut down? What mistakes have you made in the past?
Commit yourself to continually developing the skills that will help you in similar situations in the future.
View your experiences with different cultures as a trajectory, rather than a string of individual experiences.
Link the different experiences you have and you can link the personal development and learning that comes with
them.
We live in an increasingly complex world. One element of this complexity is the mixing of different
cultures, languages and faiths. Within the business world intercultural communication is vital for success.
Effective communication between colleagues from different cultural backgrounds ensures a team is working
harmoniously.
Intercultural skills improve communication abilities, social benefits, job opportunities and job stability.
Intercultural awareness is an enriching lifestyle and mindset, not an obligation or one-time training.
Job opportunities: being able to work and communicate with people from different backgrounds and
cultures is essential in today's world and workplace. A global skill set ensures a bright future and an interesting
and more enriching life path.
To work internationally today, an understanding of other cultures is essential. So is an ability to effectively
communicate and work with people from these cultures. Without intercultural competence, the chances of landing
and keeping a job internationally are slim to none.
Not to mention that we live in a constantly globalizing world and in a diverse country with a diverse
population. Increasingly, these days, cultural competence is essential to work within the us. A decade ago, an
understanding of computers was a highly marketable skill as business and computer technologies became highly
interdependent. In the 2000s, it's not an understanding of computers (now commonplace), but an understanding of
how to work with people from different backgrounds that is essential for most jobs today.
Job stability
:
you may still be able to land a job without demonstrating cultural competence for a small
time in the future, but keeping it is another story.
People who know about other cultures are more able and adept
at working in today's world. People who know how to work across cultures can turn differences into opportunities
and can find success in situations where others find only failure. They can communicate effectively, solve
problems creatively, and keep an open mind when others shut down. This means a job well done.
Social benefits: intercultural aware people are interesting. They engage in compelling conversations in a
wider variety of settings, take advantage of opportunities that others shy away from, and think with an
adventurous and open mindset that enriches their lives and life experiences. They have interesting things to say
and can express themselves well.
Ongoing rewards: Intercultural awareness is an enriching lifestyle and mindset, not an obligation or one-
time training. It adds colors to your life, opens doors of opportunity, and leads to extensive, dynamic growth.
Cross cultural communication is also carried out by means of languages. Cross cultural communication is
not the sole reserve of the business world. In fact, all of us in one form or another come across situations that
require some kind of cross cultural communication and understanding.
One such situation is when communicating with foreigners. We all encounter people at work, on holiday or
elsewhere who do not share the same language as us. Although we consider language the main mea ns of
communicating, language only represents 7% of what we communicate. There are many ways of overcoming the
language barrier to allow for some cross cultural communication. Here are some simple tips to help you improve
your cross cultural communication skills:
Slow Down: Even when English is the common language in a cross cultural situation, this does not mean
you should speak at normal speed. Slow down, speak clearly and ensure your pronunciation is intelligible.
Separate Questions: try not to ask double questions such as, "Do you want to carry on or shall we stop
here?" In a cross cultural situation only the first or second question may have been comprehended. Let your
listener answer one question at a time.
Avoid Negative Questions: many cross cultural communication misunderstandings have been caused by
the use of negative questions and answers. In English we answer 'yes' if the answer is affirmative and 'no' if it is
negative. In other cultures a 'yes' or 'no' may only be indicating whether the questioner is right or wrong. For
example, the response to "Are you not coming?" may be 'yes', meaning 'Yes, I am not coming.'
Take Turns: cross cultural communication is enhanced through taking turns to talk, making a point and
then listening to the response.
Write it Down: if you are unsure whether something has been understood write it down and check. This
can be useful when using large figures. For example, a billion in the USA is 1,000,000,000 while in the UK it is
1,000,000,000,000.
Be Supportive: effective cross cultural communication is in essence about being comfortable. Giving
encouragement to those with weak English gives them confidence, support and a trust in you.
Check Meanings: when communicating across cultures never assume the other party has understood. Be an
active listener. Summarize what has been said in order to verify it. This is a very effective way of ensuring
accurate cross cultural communication has taken place.
Avoid Slang: Even the most well educated foreigner will not have a complete knowledge of slang, idioms
and sayings. The danger is that the words will be understood but the meaning missed.
Watch the humor: In many cultures business is taken very seriously. Professionalism and protocol are
constantly observed. Many cultures will not appreciate the use of humor and jokes in the business context. When
using humor think whether it will be understood in the other culture. For example, British sarcasm usually has a
negative effect abroad. Maintain Etiquette.
Many cultures have certain etiquette when communicating. It is always a good idea to undertake some cross
cultural awareness training or at least do some research on the target culture. Cross cultural communication is
about dealing with people from other cultures in a way that minimizes misunderstandings and maximizes your
potential to create strong cross cultural relationships. The above tips should be seen as a starting point to greater
cross cultural awareness.
Thus,
the theories of cross-cultural communication developed by the researchers have been applied to many
fields.
In this study certain strategies for interacting with people from different cultures have been investigated.
Within the business world intercultural communication is vital for success that‘s why some important
skills
improving communication abilities, social benefits, job opportunities and job stability were defined.
Cross cultural
communication is also carried out by means of languages. Some elementary tips to improve cross cultural
communication skills have been characterized.
Literature:
1.
The Human-Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies ...Andrew
Sears,Julie A. Jacko. 2007
2.
Cross-Cultural Communication: Perspectives in Theory and Practice Thomas L. Warren. 2006
3.
Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 191-208. INDEX TERMS.
Primary Classification: ...
4.
An Introductory Guide to Intercultural Books Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Communication. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage, 2003. Gudykunst, ed. Theorizing About Intercultural Communication. ...
Аннотация. В данной статье были охарактеризованы некоторые элементарные советы для
улучшения перекрестых навыков культурного общения.
Аннотация. Берілген мақалада мәдени қарым-қатынастың жақсартылуы ҥшін элементарлық ақыл-
кеңестер жайлы мінезделген
УДК 802.0+001.895
EFFECTIVE USE OF DIALOGUES AT THE ENGLISH LESSON.
Shukanova N.A.
Taraz state pedagogical institute, Taraz city.
Language came into life as a mean of communication. It exists and is alive only through speech. When we
teach a foreign language, we first of all have in mind teaching it as a mean of communication. In teaching speech
the teacher has to cope with two tasks. They are: to teach his students to understand the foreign language and to
teach them to speak the language.
It is known that oral, verbal communication may have a monologue and dialogue form. There are two types
of speech: dialogic and monologue. One of the main forms of speech communication is dialogic speech.
Dialogues are generally short exchanges and are therefore ideal to analyze for pronunciation. They should
contain enough for teachers and students to look at phonemic and word level pronunciation as well as features of
discourse intonation.
Dialogue (sometimes spelled dialog in American English) is a literary and theatrical form consisting of a
written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people.
Dialogues are intended to be a representative of actual speech encounters in the real world. Ideally they are
effective means of practicing different things, such as direct speech, into nation, audio skills, listening
comprehension, oral communication, grammar and everyday phrases.
The development of dialogic speech in studied foreign language is one of the most pressing problems of
modern pedagogy. A number of researches, articles and tutorials have appeared lately.
And nevertheless, this problem requires further methodological resolution because modern requirements for
dialogic speech to teach students to carry on a conversation in studied foreign language and not always fully
implemented.
This situation requires a more rational search for new methods of teaching dialogic speech, in which the
desired practical results achieved would be the shortest way, with a minimum expenditure of time and effort, and
the learning process would be feasible, interesting and fun for students.
Dialogue plays an important and decisive role in the English class. Speaking is one of the most important
language skills. It teaches students:
to put questions of different types;
to answer questions logically consistent;
to use a variety of replicas to respond in learning communication;
to use different introductory structure and clichéd expression;
to learn to interact with the students.
Dialogue helps at the English lessons:
the development of speech and thinking;
the disclosure of intellectual abilities;
the absorption of a large number of ideas and ways of solving problems;
gives the opportunity for self-actualization.
A wide use of extra linguistic means of expression (gestures, facial expressions, instructions on the
surrounding objects) is characterized for dialogue. Relatedness in the speech of linguistic and nonlinguistic signs
is defined as situational.
Situation is the totality of the circumstances, conditions creating those or other relationship, situation or
position facilitates communication, promotes economy of language means.
By teaching students of dialogic speech are solved the following main tasks:
Firstly, give the notion of dialogue in all its diversity, in its natural form, so that the children made sure that
question-answer form is the only private, although the most common case of dialogic communication.
Secondly, teach children the necessary replicas, to train them to the level of automaticity in the use of a
particular situation.
Thirdly, teach students to share these replicas in appropriate situations, i.e., to teach them to conduct proper
dialogue.
English dialogues can be used in a wide variety of situations for learners. Use the dialogues provided as a
role plays to introduce new tenses, structures and language functions. Once students become familiar with a form
through the use of a dialogue, they can use this as a model to practice, write and expand on their own.
Using dialogues to help students develop their conversation skills is common practice in most English
classes.
Dialogues can be used in many ways in a classroom. Here are a few suggestions for using dialogues in the
classroom:
To introduce new vocabulary and help students become familiar with standard formulas used when
discussing various topics;
As gap fill exercises for students as a listening exercise;
Use dialogues for role-plays;
Have students write dialogues to test key vocabulary and language formulas;
Have students memorize simple dialogues as a way of helping them improve their vocabulary skills;
Ask students to finish a dialogue;
Introduce dialogues as gap fill dictation exercises.
As shown by experience, one of the most effective means of creating a motive for foreign language
communication students are non-traditional teaching methods. They include role plays and dramatizations
reception.
Role-playing game is a kind of training technique in which the student must speak freely within the given
circumstances, acting as one of participants in foreign language communication.
Compulsory element of games is the resolution of the problem situation.
Role-playing game, based on the solution of a problem, provides maximum activization of communicative
activities of students.
Each student is a unique creature, a person who obtains different set of talents, intelligences, and way of
learning. It‘s possible to find out seven intelligences. They are:
1.
Verbal/linguistic.
Thinks and learns through written and spoken words; has the ability to memorize facts, fill in workbooks,
take written tests, and enjoy reading.
2.
Musical/ rhythmic.
Recognizes tonal patterns and environmental sounds; learns through rhyme, rhythm, and repetition.
3.
Logical/Mathematical.
Thinks deductively; deals with numbers and recognizes abstract patterns.
4.
Interpersonal.
Learns and operates one-to-one, through group relationships, and communication; also depends on all the
other intelligences.
5.
Visual/Spatial.
Thinks in and visualizes images and pictures; has the ability to create graphic designs and communicate
with diagrams and graphics.
6.
Intrapersonal.
Enjoys and learns through self-reflection, metacognition, working alone; has an awareness of inner spiritual
realities.
7.
Body/Kinesthetic.
Learns through physical movement and body wisdom; has a sense of knowing through body memory.
Here are some examples of creative activities for elementary level students:
I.
For Logical Intelligences there is the following type of work as Composition from Key Words.
1.
Construct an acceptable dialogue from the key words provided below working from sentence to sentence.
2.
Supply any and all forms necessary to make the sentences grammatically and meaningfully correct.
3.
You may include other key words as you proceed.
4.
Practice and work it out.
Nick: ice-cream parlor / looking / excuse me
Man: three blocs / small / here / ice-cream parlor / here
Nick: how / here / there /get /1
Man: then / one block / two blocks / go / tum / straight ahead / left / go / for / further
Nick: open / you / still / it / know
Man: 10 o'clock / close / doesn't / before
II.
Possible exercise for Verbal/Linguistic students is Selection of Alternatives.
There are 2 dialogues concealed in the sentences below. Each of the conversation patterns has 2 possible
utterances of each step in the conversation. Construct two acceptable dialogues from this material by choosing the
correct alternative of each step.
1. Fred: that was a terrible fire, wasn't it?
2. Alice, did you see Bob at the party
yesterday?
OR 9. Alice: No. Why?
10. Yes, I heard the sirens on my way home from school.
3. Fred: Were many people hurt?
4. I didn't either. I was wondering if he
came.
OR 11. There were so many people there; it's not surprising
that we missed him.
12. A policeman told me that three people were injured, but
not seriously
5. Fred: Oh, I'm glad. It could have been
much worse.
6. I know. I didn't recognize half of the
guests. But I had a good time.
OR 13. Alice: I Know, the firemen worked very hard and
the ambulance came very quickly. 14. I did too. I really enjoyed
the music.
7. Fred: Was it an accident?
8. Well, I hope they have another one
soon
OR 15. Alice: I think they will. We all need to relax from
time to time.
16.1 think so. The police said they didn't see anything
suspicious.
Thus, using suitable ways of teaching you‘re able to achieve greater results.
Work of the teacher is always a very difficult process. And presently, when prestige of a trade falls
everything complicates greatly. In the sphere of art the circle of the problems facing the teacher, is especially
wide, from here there is special complexity of our trade. All our activity assumes the creative approach to work.
Maybe, it is the basic of difficulty. You cannot learn to be a creative person, but it is possible to learn, to work
creatively.
I think that spent effort and time will lead to the desired result.
Literature:
1.
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
2.
―How to Use Dialogues in Class‖, Kenneth Beare.
3.
«Коллеги», педагогический журнал Казахстана, 2014г.
4.
Горская Л. Н. Начальный этап обучения диалогической речи// Иностранные языки в школе. –
1984. - № 2.
5.
http://esl.about.com/od/businessenglishdialogues/a/b_dialogues.htm
6.
http://www.tolearnenglish.com/english_lessons/sample-dialogue
7.
―English in mind‖, Herbert Puchta and Jeff Stranks, Cambridge University Press, 2010
Аннотация. В этой статье рассматриваются особенности диалогической речи при обучении
иностранному языку.
Аннотация. Осы мақалада ағылшын тілі сабағында диалогты қолданудың ерекшеліктері
қарастырылады.
802
58
ANGLICISMS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
Zhunisalieva G.B.
Taraz state pedagogical institute, Taraz city.
Languages are in a constant process of evolution and our vocabulary is like a lexical fashion show in which
words compete for popularity. New words appear every day, often enriching and adding colour to our languages.
However, the global influence of English may be having a negative impact on modern Kazakh language as people
replace perfectly adequate pre-existing Kazakh words with ―cooler‖, more attractive English alternatives.
In linguistics, there are two main standpoints when it comes to language change: evolution and degradation.
Evolution supporters see any change in language as a natural progression which cannot be stopped; language is
the only true democracy, we all vote whenever we speak or write and for better or worse cause the language to
change. Those who favour the degradation argument are usually purists who see language change as language
destruction, simplification, the victory of public ignorance, etc.
Both views are correct to a degree. I believe that languages evolve over time and that they have a natural
tendency towards simplification. People control language and not institutions so, in this sense, languages are fully-
functioning democracies, in which each of us votes and the majority dictates which words are added to the
dictionary each year and become the accepted norm. However, we think there is a case for promoting the use of
adequate native expressions over unnecessary foreign borrowings where the two words are (close) synonyms.
This last point is crucial when it comes to modern Russian language.
Borrowing from English into Russian is not a new phenomenon by any means and has been happening for
centuries. However, what we are seeing now in modern Russian is the language being flooded with anglicisms via
the mass media, internet and marketing industry.
Borrowing as means of replenishing the vocabulary of present-day Russian is of much greater importance
and is comparatively active only in the field of scientific terminology and social-political terminology as many
terms are often made up of borrowed morphemes, mostly morphemes from classical languages.
The part played by borrowings in the vocabulary of a language depends upon the history of each given
language, being conditioned by direct linguistic contacts and political, economic and cultural relationships
between nations. Russian history contains innumerable occasions for all types of such contacts. It is the
vocabulary system of each language that is particularly responsive to every change in the life of the speaking
community.
The development of the contacts between nations and the dominance of English language as business
language cause a big flow of words into Russian language, thus enriching its word – stock.
Borrowed words have been called «The milestones of philology» – said O. Jesperson – because they permit
us (show us) to fix appreciatively the dates of linguistic changes. They show us the course of civilization and give
us information of the nations». The well-known linguist Shuchard said «No language is entirely pure», that all the
languages are mixed. Borrowed words enter the language as a result of influence of two main causes of factors;
linguistic and extra-linguistic.
Borrowed words have been considered in many scientific works, monographs and publications. But detailed
analysis of words borrowed into Kazakh from English in detail hasn
‘
t been done so far. Still much is left to
investigate.
The main constituent part of the vocabulary system of any language is formed by borrowed words. Only
borrowed words which were loaned from English into Russian have been considered in this article.
A number of different definitions have been provided over the last century to describe the true meaning of a
loanword or borrowings. Nevertheless, the majority of linguists tend to agree that loanwords or borrowings are
words which are taken from one language and used by another. However, many prominent scholars have
distinguished between the two terms mentioned above by attributing different characteristics to each one. To give
an example, Haugen defines borrowing as ‗the attempted reproduction of patterns in one language previously
found in another one‖ and states that loanwords are only one type of borrowing. [1, 210]
Heath also believes that the two terms express different notions and suggests that a borrowing is a stem and
not a complete lexical item or in other cases it can be more than that, it can even constitute a full phrase, whereas
loanwords are always single words. [2, 432] On the other side of the spectrum stands Myers-Scotton who states
that both loanwords and borrowings describe the same linguistic function, namely words which are loaned by one
language, which is the donor language, to another, which acts as the recipient language. [3, 152]
Before proceeding to the reasons that drive individuals to use words of other languages, it is important to
provide the different types of loanwords or borrowings. According to Myers-Scotton there are two different types
of borrowings: cultural and core borrowings. Cultural borrowings constitute words which express concepts that do
not exist in the lexicon of the recipient language. Many of them are lexical elements related to technology and
science and in some cases they can even constitute new words for the donor language as well. He places the
example of computer-related terminology which was introduced to the world a few decades ago and was new
even to native speakers of English. [3, 212]
However, cultural borrowings are not always words referring to science, but also words that describe items
of clothing or food which as it was aforementioned, do not have a lexical equivalent in the recipient language‘s
lexicon.
As for core borrowings, they are not new words, but words that are already expressed by an equivalent
lexical item in the recipient language. Although there seems to be no reason for the existence of this kind of
borrowing, it does not only take place but according to the data collected for the present study, it constitutes a
large amount of overall borrowing. But the crucial question still remains: Why do people, and in the case of these
study primarily monolingual speakers, feel the need to use loanwords? Since this study focuses on the use of
English loanwords, due to the global character of the English language the reasons that lead to such use will be
discussed. [1, 213]
Here are some reasons for borrowing. Sometimes new concepts are introduced including the words that are
used for them. English terms that are associated with computers, with technology, but also with football (UK) or
soccer (USA) were introduced in other languages together with their concepts. The other languages simply did not
have the words for the new concepts. After some time, some equivalents are introduced, but not always.
In Dutch, for example, one can talk about penalties, sometimes in the English way, but also with a Dutch
pronunciation (penàlties) or about strafschoppen, which means the same. Corned beef is also something borrowed
from the English speaking word, not only the stuff, but also the word. Again it is adjusted to Dutch: it is
pronounced as cornètbeef and not recognized as English anymore. One might say: Ikgaeenfiletjesaven (I am going
to save a small file). The words file and save are recognized. People don‘t use many Dutch equivalents for
computer terms. [2,434]
Another reason why speakers borrow from other languages is that it helps them to make distinctions that
were impossible otherwise. An example: in Dutch the word huis (house). With the help of loan words (borrowed
words) from other languages that speakers certainly will recognize, they can distinguish between several types of
house.
Words are sometimes so well adjusted to their new language that it is hard to recognize their roots. For
example, Japanese Makudonarudo or Amusuterudamu. To find the origin, you should know that Japanese does not
allow (most) clusters of two or more consonants. If a borrowed word contains such clusters, Japanese simply
inserts an extra vowel. Now, with this knowledge the speaker can see that the first word is MacDonald‘s, and the
second one Amsterdam. [2, 436]
An interesting phenomenon is that speakers only borrow from languages that they look up to, languages
with a higher status. Not necessarily in every respect, but at least in some specific areas. Some centuries ago,
Russian borrowed sailing terms from Dutch that are still used nowadays. The Dutch navy was very important in
those days, and provided Russian with the necessary lexicon. Examples that are still in use are ankor (from
anker), skipper (from schipper) and kajuta (from kajuit). In the area of food languages borrow from other
languages for obvious reasons: pizza, tandoori and nasi have spread all over the world. [4, 177]
For Myers-Scotton loanwords are used due to the prestigious and attractive character of the donor language.
In the case of English, the achievements that occurred in the U.S. through the medium of the English language
have lead individuals all around the globe to use the same language in order to refer to them. Additionally, due to
these achievements, it has become a common belief that English is the language of power, success and modernity.
[3, 216]
In the case of core loanwords it is not only the prestige of the donor language that leads to the borrowing,
but the most crucial element is the cultural dominance of the donor language. [3, 217] Nonetheless, it should be
taken into consideration that the use of loanwords may in some cases be an unconscious choice without a clear
intention.
Minority languages borrow numerous words from dominant languages spoken in the same physical space:
Spanish or Chinese in the US have adopted and integrated countless words from English; Moroccan Arabic in the
Netherlands Turkish in Germany, Punjabi in the UK: all these languages have borrowed many words from Dutch,
German and English, respectively, the dominant languages of the surrounding world of those minority languages.
The opposite does occur but it is more rare: English does use words from Spanish (tortilla, tequila), but
fewer, and more specific (food and drink!) than Spanish uses from English. In the Netherlands, people know and
use only a few words from Arabic, Berber or Turkish: they have to do with food (döner kebab, couscous, which is
more French than Arabic) and sometimes other areas such as religion (muezzin, ramedan). The reason is that the
migrants have adjusted to the majority community (although some people believe this is not the case). They have
adopted concepts and words from the majority community. [4, 178]
Most countries or communities don‘t welcome foreign words with enthusiasm. Some governments are even
overtly opposed against linguistic ‗pollution‘ and spend a lot of money on so called purist measures against (in
their eyes) heavy borrowing. An example is France: it is not so long ago that people were fined if they would use
too many non-French (i.e., English, usually) words in official texts.
An often-quoted example of a very purist country is Iceland. The Icelandic government used to play an
active role in replacing words with other than (old-) Icelandic roots. The Icelandic people accept the proposals
from a special linguistic committee and there are daily radio programs in which Old Icelandic words for new
concepts are discussed. This used to be the situation for a long period of time, but there are some facts that even
Icelandic has started to borrow words from English now. [3, 220]
Linguists study borrowing and they often conclude that it is alogical consequence of language contact.
Languages have always changed and will always change. Whatever the measures or the amounts of money that
are spent on this type of language policy: it does not work if the people are not willing to accept the proposals and
keep their language ‘clean’. [1, 218] The question rises why some linguistic communities are keener than others
to keep loan words at a distance. We wonder if it is true or just a wrong impression that some linguistic
communities are more caring about their language than others.
It is customary to use the terms recipient language for the language that acquires a word, and donor
language for the language that is the source of the loan word. A loanword can be defined as a word that is
transferred from a donor language to a recipient language‘. [4, 179]
Linguists Krysin and Breyter distinguish two groups of reasons for acquiring new words. The first group
includes purely linguistic factors:
1. The first and the most important reason for borrowing is that a new word denotes a new concept. Breyter
claims that about 15% of the latest Anglicisms were borrowed simultaneously with borrowing a new concept.
2. A loan word can be used when there is no word specific enough to denote a concept in the receiving
language. Examples of this kind can be found if we look at the names of literary and cinematic genres that were
borrowed into the Kazakh language: [fentez'i] ('fantasy'), ['mju:zik(ә)l] ('a theatrical performance that combines
songs, spoken dialogue, acting, and dance') etc.
3. A loan word can be used if it is shorter than the native term, if it is easier to pronounce it, or if its
etymology is more transparent. For example, the recent borrowing [praisl'ist] ('price list') has displaced the older
borrowing from German [pr'eiskurant], because the etymology of the Anglicism is a lot more transparent for a
Kazakh speaker.
4. A loan word can be acquired to specify different meanings of a native polysemantic word. For instance,
the English word image, borrowed into Russian, has specified the Russian word obraz, which was highly
polysemantic. Now, image has adopted some of the functions of the native term. In the modern discourse there are
contexts that allow using only image, while other contexts require the usage of obraz.
5. A loan word can have a special emphatic function, referring to foreign contexts.
6. A loan word can have additional positive or negative connotations, which the native equivalent would
lack. On the other hand, a loan word can help to avoid some unwanted negative or positive connotations, which
the native term would have. For example, the English word killer, which was borrowed into Kazakh through
Russian in the 90s, does not imply a strong negative connotation that the Russian equivalent has. Killer in Russian
means someone whose job is to kill for money, while the Russian word ubijca has very strong negative and
judgmental connotations. [5, 12]
The second group of reasons for borrowing a foreign word includes the extralinguistic factors:
1. Reinforcement of relationships between two societies;
2. Prestige and fashion;
3. Shift in the mentality of a people;
4. Another important social reason for intensified borrowing from English is the fact that more people
nowadays tend to learn English, to use it as their working language or to go abroad, where they have to speak
English. [6, 132]
Diakov claims that this factor makes it possible for a Russian speaker to switch their code when they talk
about foreign countries or concepts. [7, 35]
Languages are in a constant process of evolution and our vocabulary is like a lexical fashion show in which
words compete for popularity. New words appear every day, often enriching and adding colour to our languages.
However, the global influence of English may be having a negative impact on modern Russian as people replace
perfectly adequate pre-existing Russian words with ―cooler‖ and more attractive English alternatives.
However, I think there is a case for promoting the use of adequate native expressions over unnecessary
foreign borrowings where the two words are (close) synonyms. This last point is crucial when it comes to modern
Russian.
Borrowing from English into Kazakh through Russian is not a new phenomenon by any means and has been
happening for centuries. However, what we are seeing now in modern Kazakh is the language being flooded with
English borrowings via the mass media, internet and marketing industry. In English, if you want a restaurant menu
to sound up market then you add some French words and double the prices. In Kazakhstan, you remove some
usual Kazakh words and add English ones in transliteration. Today, going for бизнес-ланч (business lunch) is
infinitely more appealing than going for түскі ас (lunch). You may be eating the same meal but the two have
very different associations and quite possibly price tags.
On the other hand if we do not borrow international words, scientific and technical terms from other
languages Kazakh nation will be lagging behind other advanced countries. As we know borrowings enrich any
language and may help to replenish the word-stock of the borrowing language. Borrowing is an inevitable
language process. Any language (including Kazakh) should borrow lacking words and specific terms from other
languages. Even English which has become the International language borrowed 70% of its word-stock from other
languages.
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