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6. Бондарь Ш. Социальная работа и молодежные организации: Конспект лекций. –
М.: Институт молодежи, 1993.
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РЕЗЮМЕ
Балтабаева А.Р., магистрант,
(г. Алматы, Казахский государственный женский педагогический университет)
Трудности в рамках социальной работы
В статье рассматриваются противоречия и конфликтогенные факторы,
возникающие в сфере социальной работы, а также возможности их решения. Приведены
государственные социально-экономические программы, возможности использования
передовых мировых опытов правильного решения трудностей и конфликтов в отрасли
социальной работы, возможности их применения в социальных условиях нашей страны.
Ключевые слова: социальная работа, стиверк, социальная работа на улице.
SUMMARY
A.R. Baltabaeva, master
(Kazakh State Women’s Teacher Training University)
Difficulties in social work
The article examines the contradictions and konfilktogennye factors arising in the field of
social work, as well as their possible solutions. Given the state of socio-economic programs,
the possibility of using advanced world experience right decision difficulties and conflicts in
the sector of social work, the possibility of their application in the social conditions of our
country.
Keywords: social work, stiverk, social work on the street.
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213
UDK 339.9(091)(574 +510)
REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN AND THE SHANGHAI COOPERATION
ORGANIZATION: HISTORY AND PERSPECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT
G. Esmurzanova, master,
( Kazakh State Women’s Teacher
Training University),
G. Issanova,
teacher,
Faculties of Social-humanities and
Natural Sciences,Departments of
History and Geography
Abstract: Republic of Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan,
are the founders of states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization ( hereinafter SCO or the
Organisation ) based on the historical ties between their peoples; Aiming to further deepen
comprehensive cooperation; Desiring to jointly contribute to the strengthening of peace,
security and stability in the region in terms of development of political multipolarity, economic
and information globalization
.
Keywords: Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Kazakhstan, China, information
globalization
Over the past ten years the international circles focuses on the geopolitical and geo-
economic role of the Central Asian countries, and its place and importance in the system of
international security.
The importance of the Central Asian countries due to the desire of a number of major
powerful countries to establish control over the region and influence the situation to promote
and implement their national and global interests.
Russia, USA, China and countries of the European Union amongthecountriesintheworld
havea significant impact in the forming of geopolitical situation in the Central Asia.
Nowadays CAC (Central Asian countries) acts as a space where quite clearly visible
interlacing ambitions new «players» and the traditional rivalry in the leading countries of the
world.CAC includes Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. They
have a balance in a foreign policy,external interests, following the basic vectors - spread their
political influence, the designation of an market and other natural resources, economic and
military cooperation.
Foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan has traditionally distinguished activity,
balance, pragmatism, constructive dialogue and multilateral cooperation.
Historical, geopolitical and economic factors largely caused by the fact that the country
conducts multiways foreign policy that is based on the principles of international cooperation’s,
good neighborliness and respect for the territorial integrity of other states or countries [1].
Kazakhstan took a rightful place in the international system during the period of
independent development. The national interests has been recognized, developed its own
foreign policy concept, developed legal base of international relations, established friendly and
partnership relations not only with its immediate neighbors, but also with most of the Member
States of the East and West.Significant economic growth, openness to foreign capital, and the
increasing interest of the leading countries in the CAC are factors that contribute to weight gain
and authority of the republic in regional associations.
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Kazakhstan remains an active participant in the wider international cooperation aimed at
revitalizing our state to ensure regional stabilitybecause many problems are transboundary in
Kazakhstan, which can be solved only with neighboring states [2].
Active participation of Kazakhstan in the integrationprocesses of Central Asian countries
has become a vital prerequisite for economic and political stability, prosperity, competitiveness
and national security. Kazakhstanis as the initiator of the acceleration process of the Central
Asian and Eurasian integration. Kazakhstan interested in preserving the potential integration
and that the economy of CAC will not being under the influence of some powerful countries,
and depending on the trade exchange with them. The importance of international organizations
is increasing in the current global geopolitical situation and in the modern international and
regional conditions. The international organizationsare becoming an important force
contributing to the strengthening of security and stability in Central Asia.
In this context, Kazakhstan and other Central Asiancountries are actively involved in the
establishment and strengthening of structures of activities in regional integration of the
SCO.One of the priorities given to the SCO as a relatively rapidly developing structure that will
create a new geopolitical configuration in Central Asia[3].
Relevance and practical importance of the topic defined by a number of important
following factors:
To ensure political stability and security of the Republic of Kazakhstan;
Cooperation with the SCO is an important tool for regional interactions in various fields
of life of our society;
Cooperation with the SCO sets the conditions fornot using of nuclear weapons and the
settlement of territorial issues, strengthening of regional and global security.
Shanghai Cooperation Organizationfound in 2001 on the basis of «Shanghai five-China,
Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan» Agreements on confidence-building measures
in the military field in the border area and the Agreement on Mutual Reduction of Military
Forces in the border area.
According to the SCO Charter from June 7, 2002, one of the priority goals of the
organization is to strengthen friendship, mutual trust and neighborhood; encourage an effective
cooperation in political, trade-economic, cultural, educational, scientific, technological, energy,
transport, environment and other fields.
Nowadays China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan are
members of the SCO. Mongoliahas an observer status in the SCO since 2004 and India, Iran
and Pakistan since 2005. In June 2009, at theSummit which was held in Yekaterinburg was
made decisionabout SCO partners as a Belarus and Sri Lanka [3].
Kazakhstan considers the activity of the SCO as priority directions of the foreign policy
and has a position in the organization as a practical and important tool for regional cooperation
in the political, military and cultural spheres [4].
Cooperation in the SCO allowed Kazakhstan to settle a number of contentious territorial
issues, systematic and transparent reduction of armed forces in the border regions are defused
residual elements of the military- political tension. The problem of resolving of the territorial
issues arisen since the formation of sovereign states after the collapse of the USSR. Border
demarcation processand delimitation occurred for several years. Thus, on the basis of the
activities of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a basis for future of the SCO on the forum
«Shanghai Five» Kazakhstan has managed to complete the long process of negotiations and to
identify our state borders. According to the result of these negotiations got a conclusion and
then ratification of the Agreement on confidence-building measures in the military field (1996)
in the border area and the Agreement on Mutual Reduction of Military Forces in the Border
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(1997). Additionally, the fourth meeting of heads of the «Shanghai Five» was held on August
24-25, 1999 in Bishkek.During the meeting were signed the «Agreement about the junction
point on the state borders betweenKazakhstan and the People's Republic of China and the
Kyrgyz Republic» [5].
Particular attention was paid to retrieve the Great Silk Road which connecting territory of
all the states of the «Shanghai Five». The «Bishkek Declaration» document was the results of
the summit signed by the five States. Thus, after determining the boundaries of State in
cooperation with neighbor countries
the
interaction in other cooperation had a completely
different level. After the first meeting, «Shanghai Five» this forum has become a permanent
place of council representatives in the Central Asian region. Kazakh as the most interested in
further development of cooperation in the party intensified process of interaction in the
political, economic and social problems that occur in the Central Asian countries.
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization has sufficient organizational and legal
infrastructure in order to promote a long-term economic projects.
To establish partnership between the public and private sectors is effective form as well
as the active involvement of business and financial circles through Business Council and
Interbank Consortium of the SCO.
Launching of special account of the Development Fund of the Shanghai Cooperation
Organization has great importance.Creation of a new mechanism of cooperation - Meeting of
Health Ministers of the SCO became an important initiative during Kazakhstan's chairmanship.
Continued fruitful cooperation in the sphere of culture and education, launched the
project «University of the SCO» held a forum of Rectors of institutions of higher education of
the member states.
According to the proposition of Kazakhstan have taken steps to promote cooperation in
the field of environmental protection. Active work is also carried out on cooperation in the
prevention in emergency situations. In general, the SCO has gained extensive experience in
combating modern threats and challenges [7].
Kazakhstan sought to ensure the qualitative content of the SCO activity based on the
development of all directions of the organization activity in the field of economic, cultural and
humanitarian cooperation. Under the Plan of action of the SCO for 2010-2011 and in
accordance with the motto presidency «10 years on the safety way and cooperation» conducted
more than 100 joint activities.
A key priority of Kazakhstan's chairmanship in the SCO was to strengthen regional and
global security. Taken into account that the SCO is not a military and political bloc directed
against third countries. This is primarily an organization to implement a statutory goals and
objectives mainly peaceful not by force and facilities. The SCO cannot ignore the harsh
realities of the modern world. The Organization has to take into account a number of local and
regional «hot spots/areas», as well as the fight against the «three evils» – terrorism, separatism
and extremism. Given these circumstances, during the presidency of Kazakhstan held
counterterrorism military exercise «Peace Mission-2010», held meetings of Secretaries of
Security Councils, ministers of foreign affairs, defense and interior ministers of member States
of the SCO[8].
Current activities of the SCO and its prospects get different estimates of the international
expert community. Expert opinions regarding the effectiveness of the activities of the
Organization diverge and in most cases contradictory. Critical analysis of the SCO revealed a
number of unresolved issues and further deepening which may have negative consequences for
Kazakhstan and other Member States. In this regard Kazakhstan played the role of moderator in
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the organization in 2010-2011 faced the following problematic issues on the agenda of the
SCO:
1. Participation opportunities and prospects of the SCO in the conflict resolution in its
responsibility. One of the main issues of the SCO is the lack of clear mechanisms for
responding to force majeure, as well as a clear position of the Member States on the
extraordinary events occurring on the territory of its members.
2. The problem of enlargement.
3. Competing interests between Russia and China in the SCO [9 171-174].
Kazakhstan and SCO act consistently for a speedy solution to the Afghan problem, the
strengthening
of
Afghanistan
as
a
sovereign,
peaceful
and
neutral
state.
IntheSCOreflectsthatfateoftheentireregionisdecidinginAfghanistan.
The SCO countries implement a number of social infrastructure and humanitarian
projects that are essential to the long-suffering post-conflict reconstruction of Afghanistan. The
SCO will assume the burden of the many problems that can occur in Afghanistan after the
withdrawal of the international coalition troops from the country in 2014.
During the presidency of Kazakhstan in the SCO had been established three-level
interaction mechanism on combating a drug menace in the SCO. Kazakhstan has made a
significant contribution to the development of Anti-drug strategy of SCO of Member States for
2011-2016.It was during the Kazakh chairmanship on signed a Protocol of Understanding
between Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure of the SCO (RATS) and the Central Asian
Information and Coordination Centre for combating illicit drug drugs and psychotropic
substances.Negotiable is signing a Memorandum of Understanding between the SCO and the
UN Office on Drugs and Crime [8]. The understanding with the SCO is essential fact that the
interaction brings to our country some success in the geopolitical and strategic plansfor
Kazakhstan. The SCO activities contributes China's integration into the structure of regional
cooperation, therefore Kazakhstan has got reliable security guarantees, including the nonuse of
nuclear weapons by signing a series of strategic Agreements with China. The presenceof two
regional States (China and Russia) in SCO objectively harmonizes their interests and influence,
especially in the trade – economic and military- political spheres.Kazakhstan has more
ambitious goals: it seeks to eventually become a leader within the SCO. These ambitions of
Kazakhstanimprove its success in both the external and the internal, primarily economic,
politics. The competent politic of socio - economic reform pursued by the Government of
Kazakhstan has allowed the country to become one of the leaders of economic growth among
the CIS Member States. A few years ago such influential institutions of Kazakhstan recognized
as a market economy, and the leading international rating agencies of the Republic
ininternational investment ratingby the USA Congress and the Council of Europe. The
importanceis increasing on growth of the region and the countries of Central Asia which
situated on its territory will grow the interests of other countries in the region. Consequently,
members of the Organization must strengthen the integration process in those areas where we
have highlighted the problematic issues such as the participation of the SCO in the conflicts in
its area of responsibility, expansion of the organization and the presence of competing interests
between Russia and China. Aftersolving problems of the organization Kazakhstan will be able
to realize a supplied perspective goal of a sustainable and competitive area of Central Asian
integration.Thus, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is not a military bloc and not closed
alliance directed against anyone, but an open organization, focused on wide international
cooperation, including the possibility of expanding its membership. The main objectives of the
SCO are to maintain peace, stability and security in the region, the development of trade and
economic cooperation.
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The SCO is a lever that in the long term can fully realize the integration of Central Asian
countries and help strengthen the position of States in the region. It will ensure the safety and
protection of the population of the Member States, will open new perspectives to the States in
the way of entering in the developed countries. The SCO is one of the most important
«helpers» in achieving these goals, as international practice convincingly given that the
Shanghai Cooperation Organization was held as an important factor with international relations
and as one of the most influential subjects in world geopolitics.
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(request date 12.10.2012).
7. Barlybayev T. Kazakhstan chairmanship in SCO in 2010-2011 / Materials of
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ТҮЙІНДЕМЕ
Есмурзанова Г., магистрант
(Алматы қ., Қазақ мемлекеттік қыздар педагогикалық университеті)
Исанова Г., оқытушы
(Алматы қ.,Тарих және география департаменті)
Қазақстан Республикасы мен Шанхай Ынтымақтастық Ұйымы: тарихы мен
ынтымақтастық жобасы
Бұл мақалада Шанхай Ынтымақтастық Ұйымының тарихы және аймақтық
қауіпсіздік мәселелері қарастырылған.
Түйін сөздер: Шанхай Ынтымақтастық Ұйымы, Қазақстан, Қытай, жаһандану.
Казахский государственный женский
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