Пайдаланған әдебиеттер:
1. «ӘДІЛЕТ» Реcпубликалық құқықтық ақпарат орталығы Инновациялық қызметті мемлекеттік қолдау туралы заң http://аdіlet.
zаn.kz/kаz/docs/Z060000135_
2. «ӘДІЛЕТ» Реcпубликалық құқықтық ақпарат орталығы Инновациялық қызмет туралы заң http://аdіlet.zаn.kz/kаz/docs/
Z020000333_
3. G-globаl. ӨНДІРІCТІК КӘCІПОРЫНДАРДЫҢ ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ӘЛЕУЕТІН БАҒАЛАУ http://group-globаl.org/ru/
publіcаtіon/10048-ondіrіstіk-ksіporyndаrdyn-іnnovаcіyаlyk-leuetіn-bаgаlаu
4. NАC ұлттық талдамалық орталық Қазақcтанның 2015-2016 ЖБҚ рейтингін талдаy (ҰТО) http://www.nаc.gov.kz/kz/news/
аnаlytіcs/1105/
5. World economіc forum. Kаzаkhstаn http://reports.weforum.org/globаl-competіtіveness-report-2015-2016/economіes/#economy=KАZ
6. Ақпараттық-талдамалық портал «CАМҰРЫҚ-ҚАЗЫНА» ҰЛТТЫҚ ӘЛ-АУҚАТ ҚОРЫ» АҚ Қазақcтан компаниялары
табыcынан 1% ғылыми зерттеулерге бөледі http://sk.kz/event/vіew/83?lаng=kz
50
Алматы Менеджмент
Университет
Сущность. Сегодняшний мир меняется быстрыми темпами, все больше новые технологии облегчают
повседневную жизнь людям по всему миру. Если раньше звонки с мобильного телефона казались
выдумкой и бредом, то сегодня мобильные телефоны являются неотъемлемой частью в быту. В 2009 году
японский IT-специалист Сатоши Никамото (псевдоним) разработал и внедрил систему крипто валюты
путем создания криптографических кодов. Сатоши разработал систему так, чтобы получить «биткоин»
Вашему компьютеру нужно разгадать шифр. На первых этапах использовалась вычислительная мощность
обычных персональных компьютеров, но чем больше люди разгадывали шифры и получали «биткоин»,
тем в дальнейшем становилось сложнее «добывать» их. На данный момент всего «добыто» 12 миллионов
«биткоинов», система шифрования построена так, что каждые несколько лет система уменьшает количество
получения крипто монет в 2 раза, из этого стоит сделать вывод, что процесс «добычи» с каждым годом
усложняется. С усложнением «добычи» затрачивается больше электроэнергии, что и является, на мой
взгляд, одной из причины курсового роста «биткоина». Если раньше, любой желающий мог добыть
«биткоин» использую личный ПК, то сегодня эту операцию можно выполнить только, через мощные
вычислительные приборы. По подсчетам IT–специалистов последний «биткоин» будет «добыт» 2140-2141
гг.
Мировое признание. На сегодняшний день «биткоин» признали многие ведущие мировые бренды
такие как: «Lamborghini», «PayPal», Skycraft Airplanes, XBoxLive, PlayStation Network и.т.д[1][2]. Майк
Тайсон создал сайт www.miketysonbitcoin.com где Вы можете обменять свои «биткоины» на физические
деньги. На мой взгляд, 2014-2016 гг. стали для «биткоина» успешными по следующей причине: АГК
(Американская государственная комиссия) управляющая биржевыми фьючерсами, сделала вывод о
полном приравнивание «биткоина» к таким товаром как нефть и золото. [6]
Статистика
“B
itcoin
”
как
инвестиция
в
долгосрочный
период
Оспанов Тимур Куанышевич
Маркетинг, 2 курс
Научный руководитель:
Букенова. И.Н., м. т. н.
по специальности
«Информационные системы»
Рисунок 1. Курс «биткоина» с января 2009 г. по январь 2016 [3]
Исходя из Рисунка 1 видно, что на январь 2009 г. «биткоин» стоил 0.0000$, такая рыночная стоимость
обусловлена тем, что система еще была мало известной и не понятной для простого обывателя, а также
не была такой энергоемкой, как сейчас. В 2011 г. мы можем наблюдать небольшой рост, который связан
с началом более сложного процесса «добычи биткоина» относительно первых лет, а также началом
популяризации среди пользователей сети интернет. Настоящим этапом жизни системы можно считать 2013
год, это объясняется тем, что владельцы криптовалюты на личном опыте убедились, какие перспективы
несет в себе система «электронных денег». Плюсы такие: минимальная комиссия за транзакции, счета и
валютные операции нельзя заморозить или отменить, возможность быстро и безопасно перевести средства
по всему миру и многое другое. В 2014 году «биткоин» достиг своего исторического пика, когда за одну
51
Преимущества использования:
- Минимальная комиссия на денежные транзакции.
- Средства и переводы нельзя заморозить.
- Получение прибыли от курсового роста.
- Отсутствие инфляции и ограниченное количество крипто валюты.
- Возможность расплатиться или получить средства по всему миру.
- Высокая защищенность веб-кошелька от взлома.
Bitcoin в Казахстане. На данный момент ниша «биткоина» в Казахстане почти не занята, что делает
ее своего рода уникальной для инвестиций. Так как количество ограниченное и «добыча» криптомонет с
годами становится все более энергоемкой и сложной, можно прогнозировать, что валютный курс продолжит
подъем. Ситуация в Казахстане на данный момент не стоит на месте, энтузиасты уже запустили первый в
Казахстане «биткоин» банкомат, где любой желающий может приобрести криптовалюту.
Рисунок 2. Количество транзакций в день на 15.03.2016 [4]
Рисунок 3. Валютная статистика «биткоина» на 15.03.2016 [4]
криптомонету предлагали 1200$, по ряду факторов указанных выше. На 2016 год система обрела свою
популярность и признание по всему миру.
52
Рисунок 4. Энтузиаст установил «биткоиномат» в Алматы [5]
Методы получения Bitcoin. Существует много способов получения «биткоина», приведем самые
известные и проверенные.
Первый способ: Покупка криптовалюты на мировых интернет биржах www.mtgox.com и www.btc-e.
com. На этих биржах можно как купить, так и продать «биткоины», исходя из рыночной стоимости.
Сайт www.btc-e.com адаптирован под русскоязычную аудиторию, на сайте также имеется чат, где можно
консультироваться, вести диалог с другими участниками биржевой торговли на русском языке.
Второй способ: Данный способ наиболее прост и доступен каждому пользователю сети интернет.
Существуют так называемые «биткоин краны», где раздают центы (сатоши) «биткоина» бесплатно,
требуется заходить каждый час (необязательно) и кликать на выделенную кнопку. За такую операцию
будут начисляться центы, которые можно в дальнейшем накапливать на своем электронном кошельке.
Самые популярные «краны»: www.freebitco.in и http://bitcoinzebra.com. Подобный сайты получают
прибыль от рекламы на сайте, так как миллионы людей по всему миру каждый час заходят и кликают,
параллельно видя рекламу. От полученной прибыли процент идет на покупку «биткоинов» и в
дальнейшем делится на центы (сатоши) и раздается пользователям за каждый клик.
Правовая сторона Bitcoin. В мире нет единого видения на систему «биткоин», и взгляды во многих
странах, как правило, разные. В США, Канаде, Великобритании и странах Европейского Содружества
«биткоин» рассматривают как «актив» или «товар», который можно использовать как платежное
средство. В Китае операции с «биткоин» являются запрещенными и сомнительными, такой вывод
обусловлен тем, что система не является достаточно прозрачной.
В Казахстане на сегодняшний день нет единой позиции по отношению к криптовалюте. На мой
взгляд, стоит изучить позитивный и негативный опыт передовых стран и вынести свое независимое
решение по отношению к данному виду валюты. Если решение правительства будет носить
запрещающий характер, необходимо будет остановить использование данного вида валюты.
Пайдаланған әдебиеттер:
1. https://www.coinside.ru/2014/03/14/40-interesnih-factov-o-bitcoin/
2. http://btcnews.ru/chto-mozhno-kupit-za-bitcoiny/
3. https://blockchain.info/ru/charts/market-price?timespan=1year&showDataPoints=false&daysAverageString=1&show_
header=true&scale=0&address=
4. https://blockchain.info/ru/stats
5. http://forklog.com/v-kazahstane-poyavilsya-pervyj-bitkoin-bankomat/
6. http://pronedra.ru/money/2015/11/13/budushcheye-bitkoina-v-rossii/
53
NEU named after T.
Ryskulov, specialty of
Finance
The basis of the economy of any country is development of small and medium businesses. It is difficult to
speak about stability of the macroeconomic situation of the states without the developed small and medium
businesses. That’s why small and medium businesses has been defined in Kazakhstan as the most important sector
of economy at the beginning of independence. Priority of a state policy always was a full support of small and
medium businesses.
Formation of small and medium businesses structures in all branches and spheres of the Kazakhstan’s economy
responses to world economic tendencies of economic processes. On sphere of small and medium businesses works
a large number of small enterprises.
Connection of property and management which causes the following factors of competitiveness are characterize
of small and medium businesses:
–Quickly adopting of small and medium businesses to changes in a market situation and inquiries of consumers
allows acceleration and simplification of process of adoption of administrative decisions, also allows to develop
and acquire new profitable spheres of business;
– small and medium businesses doesn’t need a difficult control system, the account and control over workers
and managers as the owner organize production himself, receiving economy on overhead costs at the same time;
– due to direct contact and mutually control of members of small group, provided higher intensity and discipline
of work;
Today, nearly 850 thousand subjects of small and medium businesses are registered in the country. The share
of this sector in GDP of the country makes about 34%.
It has been revealed that necessary conditions for intensive development of small and medium businesses
are created in our country during the expert survey conducted among the experts directly related to small and
medium businesses. At the same time 37,5% of respondents have regarded as a normal these conditions , as much
participants of poll have declared that “conditions are normal, but there are several problems”, and 18,8% of
experts have given the answer: “the main defining conditions are created in general”[1].
The stabilizing roles of small and medium businesses are caused by three main reasons:
– increase in prices and speculative intermediaries are played a smaller role in this sphere;
– small and medium businesses depend on import lesser, dynamics of the prices are more caused by a ratio of
supply and demand;
– branch labor market is more flexible in this sphere and reduction of demand is following by introduction of
part-time working week and the shortened working hours, not by elimination of workplaces.
Estimates of results which has to lead development of this sphere distributed on priority thus: basis of middle
class will be a basic, economic and financial spheres of the country will gain big stability still, the gross product
and a standard of living considerably will grow, the most serious problems of employment will disappear. Small
and medium businesses spheres in which are involved in the republic differ in a wide variety: some citizens have
found their place in a trade, others actively were engaged in providing various services to the population, also have
concentrated on production of consumer goods.
The number of the citizens who have decided to do own business directly depends on those conditions which are
created by the state for development of small and medium businesses. It is necessary for successful development
of small and medium businesses by results of poll, they are:
changing rules of registration, licensing, certification etc. (75,0% of respondents);
improvement system of the taxation of businessmen (62 %);
improvement of financial and credit regulation (56,3%);
simplification of the reporting and accounting (25,5%)
business safety (25,0%)
improvement of information support of the citizens working in this sphere (25%);
improvement of leasing service was declared (6,3%)[2].
In development of small and medium businesses in Kazakhstan to expect outstanding successes in the next
years quite perhaps, according to experts. One of the main reasons of slow advance of reforms in the sphere of
small and medium businesses were disbelief of people in small business as in the permanent job providing, the
stable and long-term income in previous years. Therefore the state support can yield considerable results right now,
stability is more and beliefs at people changing.
The Head of state N. A. Nazarbayev has set the following tasks for the Government in the Message to the people
of Kazakhstan “New Kazakhstan in the new world”: the state holdings, playing an important role in diversification
of economy, have to involve in this process, stimulate and support the Kazakhstan small and medium businesses.
Kazakhstan adopts successful experience of the developed countries, improvement of mechanisms of the state
d
evelopment
and
state
support
of
small
and
medium
Businesses
in
K
azaKhstan
Riskulov Bahtiyar
Маркетинг, 2 курс
Supervisor:
Usenbaev N.B.,
Cand. Sci. (Phys.–Math.),
54
support of small and medium businesses are in the constant center of attention of the Government of the country.
The world practice convincingly demonstrates that small and medium businesses exerts serious impact on
development of a national economy, the solution of social problems, increase in number of busy workers in the
countries with the developed market economy. Subjects of small and medium businesses in certain areas play
the leading role on number of workers, on the volume of the made and realized goods, the performed works and
services. Therefore the problem of the state support of small and medium enterprises is the most actual now.
Credit support of small and medium business is played very important role at the same time. It is no secret
that practically everyone who has decided to be engaged in business activity should face financial problems.
Banks give the credits only on the security of property. If he doesn’t have current assets what is the beginning of
businessman? This problem should be solved at the federal level. But partly it could be removed, creating societies
of mutual crediting of small enterprises where assignments of will accumulate all participants from the income.
The high level of development of small and medium businesses is a necessary condition for successful functioning
of market economy. For developing of small and medium businesses is attached the great value proceeding from
priority of creation of new workplaces and ensuring sustained economic growth in foreign countries.
Forms of the state support of small and medium businesses are different in every country but essence the
same. Experience of foreign countries demonstrates that the state policy concerning small and medium businesses
is the important independent system direction. The main task of this policy consists in creation good conditions
for small and medium businesses which assume stability of economic policy of the state, development of market
infrastructure, an ideological background of stimulation of an enterprise initiative. Effective systems of the state
measures for legal, financial, material, information support work for a sustainable development of small and
medium businesses in developed countries.
Small and medium businesses are given serious financial and credit support from the state by special structures
and funds in many foreign countries, for example, through Administration for small business (USA), Corporation
of insurance financing of small business (Japan), The credit for medium-sized and small companies (France).
The special attention is deserved by the American experience of the state support of small and medium
businesses. The USA - the country not only huge corporations, but also small enterprises at which more than
50% of hired employees of the private sector work. It turns out that the chief employers are small and medium
businesses, not large. About one of each three American families is involved in small business. It means small and
medium businesses in the USA - in effect a way of life, not just one of types of business.
The mechanism of ensuring effective functioning of small and medium businesses has to be reduced in modern
conditions, first of all, strengthening of the state support of small and medium businesses. It is necessary for this
purpose, first of all:
− formation of the concept, the choice of priorities and justification of a role of small and medium −businesses
in economy;
− development of a state policy of support and development of small and medium businesses in economy;
− improvement of standard and legal support and development of small and medium businesses;
− improvement of the legislation in the sphere of investments and formation of favorable climate for investment
in the country;
− improvement of the taxation of small and medium-sized enterprises;
− development of credit and financial mechanisms and introduction of the new financial technologies aimed at
the development of small and medium businesses;
− activation of direct and indirect participation of the state in financing of development of small and medium
businesses.
It is possible to do conclusion summing up the results: if to create the corresponding conditions providing
complex support of small and medium businesses at the nation-wide and regional levels, and a possibility for
business relative risk-free financing, extraction of normal rate of return, then money of investors will inevitably
direct in small and medium businesses, promoting not only to formation and development of business, but also
increase on this basis of efficiency of economy in general.
References:
1. Analytical investigation of national measures of small businesses in the Republic of Kazakhstan. // official site of “DAMU”
Entrepreneurship Development Fund, http://www.damu.kz/11781
2. RK Finance. Statistical Yearbook 2007-2009. - Almaty: Statistics Agency, 2015
55
Kazakh-American
University
Human resources in managing a company serve as the engine for company’s growth. The important step in
providing human resources for the organization is selection of candidates. The selection of employees is important
to the success of any business this process effects profitability of the organization.
After obtaining a large number of applicants through recruitment strategy managers need to identify the
applicants with the highest degree of potential. In fact, the best way to improve performance of the company is
hire people who have the competence and the willingness to work. Costs of ineffective selection could be very
high. Selection is usually the second step in the process of providing human resources for the company after the
recruitment.
In economic literature, there is a definition as “selection – choosing an individual to hire from all those who
have been recruited” [1].
The managers use a variety of measures or methods to select applicants who has the willingness to work at the
definite position. The managers has the task to test many things about applicants: personality, values, motivations,
attitudes, technical competency.
At the picture 1, we can see the methods of selection applicants in organizations.
Preliminary selection begins with an analysis of the list of candidates in terms of their compliance with the
general requirements of the organization for the future employee. The main purpose of the primary screening is
sifting candidates not possessing the minimum set of features required for vacancy.
Methods of primary selection depends on the budget, strategy and company culture the relative importance of
this position for the organization.
Interviews are one of the most common ways in selection procedure. The best interviews follow a structured
form in which each applicant is asked the same questions and is scored with a standardized rating scale. In practice,
structured interviews provide more reliable information than unstructured interviews [2].
Next instrument is ability tests. Such psychomotor tests are used to measure motor skills and hand eye
coordination, which are very important in some jobs, like construction. Some companies use cognitive ability
test. It is a test designed to measure an individual’s cognitive function in a specific area, such as verbal reasoning,
spatial awareness or mathematics. Used by organizations in the recruitment process to help predict a candidate’s
future aptitude for the position.
Personality testing in selection process can provide an accurate analysis of an applicant’s attitudes and
interpersonal skills. The manager of the company can get information about applicant like self-discipline, flexibility
and others.
Some companies use such tool of selection as work sample. During this stage, the applicant is asked to complete
a task that simulates the actual job. Manager can assess how well the applicant can learn and perform the real
tasks. Some vacancies require the medical test in the selection process in order to get the physical status of the
candidate.
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