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The role of context in the translation of phraseological units
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Отчет Тен Анастасия
3.2. The role of context in the translation of phraseological units.A phraseological unit or phraseologism is a lexically indivisible unit of a language, a stable semantically related combination of words, integral in meaning, distinguished by imagery, expressiveness, stylistic and emotional coloring, fully or partially reinterpreted. Phraseological units have an evaluative function, that is, they express the speaker's attitude to a particular subject or phenomenon, give vivacity and expressiveness to speech and are a powerful tool for influencing the audience. There are a large number of classifications of phraseological units based on different criteria. The most famous of them belongs to V.V. Vinogradov. It focuses on the structure of phraseological units and illustrates the different degree of dependence of elements and semantic cohesion. According to this classification, phraseological units are divided into phraseological splices, phraseological unities and phraseological combinations. A.V. Kunin, presented in his doctoral dissertation, the monograph "English Phraseology", two textbooks and in a number of articles devoted to phraseological asymmetry, phraseological context, phraseological configuration and phraseological semantics. In our study of phraseological phraseology, we proceed from the definition of a phraseological unit proposed by A.V. Kunin and his understanding of the proverb as a proper phraseological unit with a sentence structure. The theoretical basis of the work is also supported by the concept of phraseological context and is based on the concept of occasional transformations of phraseological units proposed by Anita S. Nachiscione. The research uses a number of methods of linguistic analysis, namely: the method of phraseological identification, the method of phraseological description, the method of contextual analysis. This study is aimed at identifying the variable functions of communicative phraseological units and their communicative variants or derivatives in modern English. Based on the classical concept of the context of phraseological units, we analyze the use of English communicative phraseological units and their contextual variants and identify a number of CFE functions. Phraseology, as a branch of linguistics and an object of study, is a huge scientific research field for practical translators, since it occupies the highest level in the "scale of untranslatability": the untranslatability of stable expressions is noted by many linguists (Amosova N. N., Arsentieva E. F., Fedorov A.V., etc.); as well as adherents of the "theory untranslatability" (for example: Nahum Chomsky, Schlegel, Schleiermacher). With the transfer of the FE from the source language to the translator, every translator experiences difficulties. The translation of stable combinations from one language to another is a rather complex, but at the same time an interesting problem for a philologist, which is being developed within the framework of translation studies. The complicated semantics of the FE, which contains a wide variety of information about the psycho-emotional state of a person and his attitude to the object under discussion, creates an additional difficulty. Amosova argues that phraseological units perform the functions of words, therefore, when translating FE from I to N, it is necessary to consider each idiom as a minimal linguistic unit of translation. It should be mentioned that context plays an important role in the translation of FE. Phraseological context is a group of words and sentences in which this phraseology is used. The choice of the method of transmitting phraseological units depends on the functional and stylistic characteristics of the context, which is a kind of translator's assistant, since it is the determining link in choosing the most adequate variant in the translation. The difficulties of translating FE have been studied by domestic and foreign scientists, such as Vinogradov V. V., Shadrin N. L., S. Florin, E. F. Arsentieva, A.V. Fedorov, Komissarov V. N., Yu. P. Solodub, N.F. Smirnova. They argue that the ambiguity and homonymy inherent in both words and FE, contextual semantic transformations of FE and author transformations, ethnoculturological differences of similar FE in different languages that coincide in meaning, but have different stylistic coloring, create additional difficulties for the translator. Therefore, context plays a huge role when choosing a translation option. In this article we rely on Kunin's definition: Phraseological units are stable combinations of lexemes with fully or partially reinterpreted meaning [6, p. 15]. The phraseology of any language is a kind of "mirror" of human values, moral principles, as well as changes taking place in a particular society, therefore, the culture of an ethnic group, its attitude and mentality are deeply reflected in linguistic units, in FE, in particular. Exploring aspects of the transfer of stable expressions from one language to another, Florin S., Vlakhov S. we came to the conclusion that the basis of phraseological units is a metaphor, which is a means of describing ideas about the world [11, p. 343] But various linguistic and cultural features of the Russian and English-speaking peoples create additional semantic and stylistic difficulties in preserving the image of the idiom, the metaphor that underlies it. The translation of FE, which does not contain a pronounced national component or phenomenon, does not pose any difficulties for the translator and is translated by an equivalent or analogue. But the use of such FE updating techniques as the expansion of the component composition or the gap, the purpose of which is to enhance the effect exerted on the reader, giving greater liveliness and expressiveness to the author's speech and the speech of individual characters, inevitably creates additional difficulty for the translator. CONCLUSION Phraseological units can be considered the property of the Russian language. These stable speech expressions have no author. They are indivisible in meaning and are a single whole. In his speech, each of us uses them often, although he does not notice. With the help of phraseological units, they show their attitude, speech becomes vivid and imaginative. All phraseological units appeared to express a certain event or phenomenon. Later, for various reasons, they began to be used in a figurative sense, but similar to the original meaning. Phraseological units can be both unambiguous and polysemous, they can have synonyms and antonyms. The sentence is expressed by one member. Phraseological units can be divided into four types. The first includes stable combinations related to the historical past of the people. The second type is figurative speech turns, which reflect folk traditions. The stable combinations of words that have appeared from various crafts belong to the next type. And finally, the last kind is winged expressions. The stable turnovers included in each group have their own unique history of origin.
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