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колледжінде жүргізілген зерттеудегі [4] сияқты зерттеуге алынған оқушыларының да
Тиімділікті арттыру стратегиясынан кейін сенімділік және үлгерім көрсеткіштері артты.
Бұл зерттеудің ықтимал олқылығы аталған сауалнама мен тест жиынтық бағалауға
енбейтіндіктен, оқушылар оған селқос қараған болуы мүмкін.
Келесі зерттеушілер осы стратегияны қолдануда бақылаушы сыныптарды қосуына
болады. Яғни, төрт сыныптан pre_сауалнама мен pre_тест алып, оның екеуіне ғана стратегияны
қолданылады. Белгілі бір уақыттан кейін төрт сыныптан да post_сауалнама мен post_тест
алынады. Сонда, стратегия қолданылған екі сынып пен стратегия қолданылмаған екі сынып
көрсеткіштерін салыстыру қызықты нәтиже беруі мүмкін.
Осы және бұдан бұрынғы зерттеулер нәтижелері Тиімділікті арттыру стратегиясының оң
әсерін, өз-өзіне сенім мен үлгерім арасында байланыс барлығын дәлелдегендіктен, әрдайым
шәкірттің сенімін арттырып отыру маңызды деп ойлаймын.
Әдебиеттер тізімі
1. Bandura, A. Multifaceted Impact of Self- Efficacy Beliefs on Academic Functioning.//
Child Development. – 1996. – Vol. 67 (3). – P.1206- 1222.
2. Graham, S., & Harris, K. Components Analysis of Cognitive Strategy Instruction: Effects
on Learning Disabled Students’ Compositions and Self-Efficacy// Journal of Educational
Psychology. – (1989). – Vol 81(3). – P 353-361.
3. Hacket, G., & Betz, N. An Exploration o f the Mathematics Self-Efficacy/Mathematics
Performance Correspondance//Journal for Research in Mathematics Education. – Vol.
20(3). – P.261-273.
4. Lusby, B. Increasing student’s self-efficacy in mathematics. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
5. Pajares, F. Self-Efficacy During Childhood and Adolescence Self-Efficacy Beliefs of
Adolescents//Information Age. –P 339-367.
6. Schunk, D. Self-Efficacy and Academic Motivation// Educational Psychologist. –Vol. 26.
–P 207-231.
7. Zimmerman, B. Self-Efficacy: An Essential Motive to Learn //Contemporary Educational
Psychology. –Vol.25. – P 82-91.
TEACHER pROfESSIONALISm IN KAzAKHSTAN
Kunebayev N.I.,
Nazarbayev Intellectual School of Physics and Mathematics in Semey,
Republic of Kazakhstan
Keywords: professional identity, teacher professionalism, leadership development, school
community improvement
Аңдатпа
Қазақстанда мұғалімдерің кәсіби даму тақырыбы өзекті мәселелердің бірі болып
табылады, себебі осы саладағы кез-келген реформаның нәтижелігі педагог кадрларының
кәсіби деңгейіне байланысты. Аталған мақалада мұғалімдер арасында көшбасшылықты
дамыту мәселелері, сонымен қатар, оқыту қоғамдастықты жақсарту жолдары қарастырылған.
Автор өз ойларын атақты зерттеушілердің сөздерімен нақтылап, өзінің оқыту тәжірибесінен
мысалдар келтіреді.
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Аталған жұмыс Қазақстан мұғалімдерінің кәсіби даму тақырыбына өз үлесін қосып,
оқытушыларға білім берудегі көшбасшылық жөнінде жаңа идеялармен қамтамасыз етеді.
Аннотация
Тема профессиональной идентификации учителей в Казахстане является актуальной,
так как успех любых реформ, проводимых в данной сфере, напрямую зависит от уровня
профессионального мастерства педагогических кадров. В данной статье рассмотрены проблемы
развития лидерства среди учителей, а также вопросы, связанные с улучшением школьного
сообщества. Автор аргументирует свои взгляды выводами известных исследователей, а также
приводит примеры их своей практики преподавания.
Данная работа вносит вклад в развитие темы профессиональной идентификации учителей
в Казахстане и дает им новые идеи по развитию лидерства в образовании.
Abstract
Professional identity of teachers in Kazakhstan is a topic of the day now, because the success of
any reforms in this field depends on the level of teachers’ professional skills. This article deals with
the problems of leadership development among teachers, as well as issues related to the improvement
of the school community. The author supports his views with findings of well-known researchers, and
gives examples fromhis own teaching practice.
The given work contributes to the topic of professional identity of teachers in Kazakhstan and
give them new ideas on developing leadership in education.
Teacher professionalism has been studied by many researchers over the last few decades. As
a result of it there are several views on what teacher professionalism is and the teacher’s role in
becoming a professional one. For example, Hargreaves and Goodson (1996) defines seven principals
which provide an alternative to current reform agendas.
Talking about teacher professionalism and teachers professional identity Sachs (2003)
identifies such contrasting forms of professional identity as entrepreneurial and activist. Sachs
(2001) also speculates about teacher professionalism. The author differentiates between managerial
and democratic professionalism. She makes a lot of links to the works by other researchers. So,
according to Rees (1995) managerial professionalism has two positive features: (1) the ability to find
a reasonable solution for any problem; (2) that the conclusions made for private institutions can be
successfully used in the public sector.However, recent reforms in the field of education make some
changes on how managerial professionalism should be understood. Sachs argues that it affects the
work of school principals.
A look at my own teaching experience
I have been working as a subject teacher at an ordinary secondary school for about
twenty years. Looking back and planning my future actions as a
professional teacher I try to define which professional identity I belong to. The article by
Sachs (2003) made me reflect on my own professional experience and come to some conclusions.
However, I am not quite sure if they are right or wrong.
ButI am quite sure that in terms of education our society is moving from managerial
professionalism to democratic one. This is the result of educational reforms being implemented
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during the last decade. For example, three level teachers’ professional development courses
conducted at the Center of Excellence in collaboration with Cambridge University totally
change the teachers’ view and attitude to the teaching process and methods of teaching providing
them with new effective teaching tools for their everyday work in class. Having finished these
professional courses teachers began to realize the importance of collaboration and team work
in improving the results of both teaching and learning process. As they share their ideas with
each other teachers more and more understand that they need each of them to improve their
own professional experience.
Teachers even make their short-term and long-term plans in a new way. They try to
give their students different activities taking into account Bloom’s taxonomy and Maslow’s
development hierarchy, and then get feedback from the learners. After the lesson teachers make
critical reflection and analysis of it in order to evaluate their own teaching experience, find
difficulties and the ways of solving them.
As for me, being an integral part of this system, I feel my transformationfrom entrepreneurial
identity to activist identity. But “Rome was not built in one day”, so I have to be patient.
Let’shave a critical look at the concept of sustainable leadership, its significance in the process
of school reform and the positives of a sustainable leadership approach.
It is obvious that today education in Kazakhstan needs change. It is effective leaders and
managers who can make successful changes. Most of the job to be done successfully depends on
them. The more teachers feel themselves being a leader the more productive their work is.
It should be noticed that the role of a school principal is significantly important in the process of
implementing the reforms into the school life. I totally agree with Michael Fullan (2002) who argues
that ‘effective school leaders are key to large-scale, sustainable education reform’. Effective school
leaders think and plan for a few years ahead. They have their influence not only when they are at a
certain educational organization. Their ideas and inspiration for actions last long after their absence.
One of the helpful approaches of sustainable leadership is shared leadership. An effective school
manager distributes the responsibility among the teachers on a voluntary basis. It allows them to take
an active part in the school management process and indirectly make decisions affecting student life
and teachers job. Shared leadership helps to increase teachers’ professional potential and develop
their leadership skills.
Sustainable leadership demands having ‘SMART’ goals, no matter if they are short-term or
long-term objectives, and clear ways of achieving them. Effective leaders must have strict rules or
principles. They must have deadlines for any of the job they plan to do. No excuse for breaking them.
For sustainable leadership a very serious attention should be paid to leadership succession
(Hargreaves and Fink, 2004). Leaders must be ready for succession a long period of time before it
happens.
Successful leaders take into account the whole school community including all the teacher staff
and the students. Achievements of every person are of great value. Hargreaves and Fink (2004) said
that “sustainable leadership benefits all students and schools”.
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As for a school principal he/she is the only person who has real authority and power to influence
on teachers and make them change in the positive way. Being a teacher at a secondary school I
confirm that the successfulness of any reform mostly depends on the personality of a school principal.
If he/she is an activist and open to new ideas the school teachers are eager to gain new knowledge and
try how new ideas work at the teaching process in class.
A school principal should allow teachers to feel that the school needs their help to implement
the changes successfully. When teachers feel responsibility they work harder and make less mistakes
in their results.
Effective leaders are responsible not only for academic results. They should strengthen the ties
between all the members of the school community. The better the relationship between the community
members the better expected outcomes.
Nowadays leaders need constant professional development. In the changing world it is
absolutely necessary for them to be informed about the latest trends in educational leadership. They
have to know some information from different social sciences including psychology, communication,
social work, law and some others.
The positive results in educational reforms depends on school principals as well as teachers.
Each member of the school community plays a definite significant role in the forming and developing
process of sustainable education in Kazakhstani educational institutions.
One more factor that positively influences schools improvement are Professional Learning
Communities (PLCs). DuFour and Mattos (2002) claim that PLCs are more beneficial than just
observing teachers in classrooms. Many researches prove that the level of students’ achievements
directly depends on teachers’ professional development. Hirsh and M.Hord (2008) in their work
“Leader and Learner” point out on principals’ significant role in PLCs, especially in the initial stage
as well as at further periods of its functioning. They strongly believe that to run a successful PLC at
school it is necessary for its principal to be a leader and constantly take part in its work. Hirsh and
Shirley argue that “PLCs share five research-based dimensions: shared and supportive leadership;
a shared vision; supportive structural and relational conditions; intentional, collegial learning; and
shared practice.” I agree with the authors on the point that PLCs can help the school community to
achieve better results in teaching and learning.
A look at my own teaching experience
From my personal teaching experience I can say that when teachers work collaboratively
in teams they feel themselves more comfortable and stress free. In such a situation teachers
become more interested in their colleagues’ teaching practice that allow them to get good
outcomes. Working in teams creates “a culture of collective responsibility” (DuFour, Mattos,
2013).
Looking for the better way of improving students’ outcomes DuFour and Mattos speculate
about teachers’ rewards and punishment. They write that there is no proof that if teachers are told
they will be rewarded then they will get better results. There is also no evidence that says if teachers
are threatened with punishment then they will work harder and be more productive – actually this
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has an adverse effect because it is only “short-term” and for “the long-term” teachers will go back
to doing what they normally do. The same thing is with students.
Collaboration and team-work in teaching and learning is better than observations and it leads
to students’ better results.
A look at my own teaching experience
The findings of Lesson Study project team at Nazarbayev Intellectual School in Semey
prove that when teachers share their teaching practice, discuss their ideas with each other
on a regular base it effectively helps the educators to grow professionally and perform better
lessons. Some teachers were rather skeptical about the results of Lesson Study project at
school last year. At the beginning of this school year they made up their mind to participate in
this project to see if collaboration really works.
Hirsh and Hord (2008) enumerate the advantages of PLCs. They say that not only principals
but teachers and students as well are affected positively by PLCs (“lower rate of absenteeism and
decreased drop-out rates”). The participants of Lesson Study project at Nazarbayev Intellectual
School in Semey came approximately to the same results.
I believe that PLCs are the most effective and powerful ways of improving schools. PLCs
provide all the participants of the teaching process (teachers, students, parents, school administration)
an excellent opportunity to listen to each other and to hear each other in order to achieve their goals.
School administration understands that only a highly professional teacher “produces” a
well-taught student. So, the teachers are sent to different professional development courses. More
experienced colleagues are demanded to organize professional workshops and training seminars
which help less experienced teachers to reflect on their own teaching practice and make small positive
changes to it.
A look at my own teaching experience
In order to have some ideahow teacher professional development programs influence
on teacher professionalism a small scale empirical study has been conducted in one of the
secondary schools in Semey, Kazakhstan. It was a qualitative study. The purpose of the study
is to understand the secondaryschool teachers’ attitude towards professional development
programs in Kazakhstan.The research questionis how do professional development programs
change teaching practice in Kazakhstan?
It should be noted that I am a teacher trainer and conduct three-month professional
development programme for the secondary school teachers. It is rather interesting for me to
know how my course influences teachers.27 different subject teachers answered the questions
of the survey. The questions were semi-structured, open-ended. As for teaching practice of the
participants all of them worked more than five years at a secondary school. Most of them are
female.
• As the result of the study the following conclusions can be made:
• three-month professional development programme supplies teachers with a lot of
methodological knowledge;
• three-month professional development programme has a positive influence on secondary
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school teachers leadership skills.
As for the future development of school leadership in Kazakhstan I agree with Southworth
(2008) who suggests three main characteristics of school leadership to focus on: 1) pre-eminence
and sustainability, 2) professional leadership, 3) developing new skills and strengthening existing
ones. School teachers in Kazakhstan should increase their professional competence and make every
effort to implement ideas given by Southworth (2008). Only in this case the school leadership in
Kazakhstani schools, including primary ones, will become better.
Reference
1. Day, C. (2002). School reform and transitions in teacher professionalism and identity.
International Journal of Educational Research, 677-692.
2. DuFour, R., &Mattos, M. (n.d.). How Do Principals Really Improve Schools?
ThePrincipalship,70(7), 34-40.
3. Fullan, M. (2002). The Change Leader. Beyond Instructional Leadership, 16-21.
4. Hargreaves, A., & Fink, D. (2004). The Seven Principles of Sustainable Leadership. Leading
in Tough Times, 8-13.
5. Hirsh, S., &M.Hord, S. (2008). Leader and Learner. Principal Leadership.
6. Sachs, J. (2001, January 1). Teacher professional identity: competing discourses, competing
outcomes. Journal of Education Policy, 149-161.
7. Southworth G. (2008) Primary school leadership today and tomorrow, School
Leadership & Management: Formerly School Organisation, 28:5, 413-434, DOI:
10.1080/13632430802499978
8. Teleshaliyev, N. (2013). “Leave Me Alone—Simply Let Me Teach” An Exploration of
Teacher Professionalism in Kyrgyzstan. EuropeanEducation, 45(2), 51-74.
LESSON STUDY AS AN EFFECTIVE ELEMENT FOR CURRICULUM
IMPLEMENTATION AND INNOVATION:
pOWERfUL mEdIATOR fOR CONNECTINg BETWEEN CLASSROOm
ANd pOLICy
Hiroyuki KUNO
Nagoya University, Japan
Keywords: Lesson Study, Curriculum Design & Implementation, Integrated Learning
Abstract
According to recent research results it is revealed that Lesson Study (thereafter LS) has various
features and advantages for improvement of student learning and teacher learning as well as school
development. For instance paradigm shift of teachers’ lesson perspective from teachers didactic to
student learning; stimulating teachers collaboration and establishing professional learning community;
school improvement through PDCA management cycle in LS school programme etc.
In the Keynote speech the speaker tries to open the door for further improvement to LS research
and moreover to re-define the value of LS from point of view on Curriculum Implementation.
Establishing so-called “21
st
Century learning” is nowadays exciting movement in various
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countries such as in Singapore, New Zealand, US and Japan and these sorts of new concept curriculum
requires an effective instrument for implementation. LS will deliver a guide for teachers to implement
such a new curriculum into their classrooms. In the speech a framework of the national curriculum
revision in Japan which is truly on-going will be described and shows how LS plays an important
element in this process.
One more valuable aspect of LS will be identified as contribution for curriculum reform. Because
LS delivers evidences from school (bottom-up) perspectives into policy makers, LS is able to be
monitoring curriculum implementation process. In this context LS becomes an influential mediator
for connecting classroom and curriculum. There is no drought that it must be extremely hard work for
teachers to introduce of new concept curriculum into practice without Lesson Study in any countries.
Аңдатпа
Таяудағы зерттеу нәтижелеріне сәйкес, Сабақты зерттеу тәсілінің (Lesson Study) оқушы
мен мұғалімнің оқуын жақсартуға, сондай-ақ мектепті дамытуға ықпал ете алатыны, сондай-
ақ оның бірталай артықшылықтары бар екені анықталды. Мысалы, басымдық мұғалімнің
сабақ беруінен оқушының өзінің білім алуына ойысты, мұғалімдердің ынтымақтасып, кәсіби
қоғамдастық құруы ынталандырылып, Сабақты зерттеу тәсіліне арналған мектеп бағдарламасы
аясында «жоспарлау-істеу-тексеру-орындау» басқару циклі арқылы мектепті жетілдіру
көзделуде т.б.
Өз баяндамасында автор Сабақты зерттеу тәсілінің көмегімен жүргізілетін зерттеулерді
одан әрі жетілдіруге жол ашуға, сонымен қатар білім беру бағдарламасын іске асыру тұрғысынан
Сабақты зерттеу тәсілінің мәнін өзгертуге тырысады.
Соңғы кездері Сингапур, Жаңа Зеландия, АҚШ пен Жапония сияқты елдерде «ХХІ ғасыр
оқуы» атты қозғалыс белең алуда, білім беру бағдарламасының бұл жаңа тұжырымдамасы
білім беру бағдарламасын іске асырудың тиімді құралдарын талап етеді. Сабақты зерттеу
тәсілі мұғалімдерге өз сыныптарында осындай жаңа білім беру бағдарламасын іске асыруға
көмектеседі. Баяндамада Жапонияда шын мәнінде жүргізіліп жатқан ұлттық білім беру
бағдарламасын қайта қараудың жалпы қағидаттары сипатталып, бұл үдерістегі Сабақты
зерттеу тәсілінің алатын орны көрсетілген.
Сабақты зерттеу тәсілінің құнды қырларының бірі – ол білім беру бағдарламасын
реформалауға ықпал етеді. Себебі Сабақты зерттеу тәсілі білім беру саласындағы саясаткерлерге
мектептен алынған дәлелдерді (төменнен жоғарыға) ұсынады, Сабақты зерттеу тәсілі білім
беру бағдарламасын іске асыру үдерісін бақылауға мүмкіндік береді. Осы тұрғыдан алғанда
Сабақты зерттеу тәсілі оқыту тәжірибесі мен білім беру бағдарламасын біріктірудің қуатты
құралына айналады.
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