1 Кунт Т.С. Структура научных революций – T.S.Kuhn. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
Chicago, 1962, M., 1975 пер. с англ. И.Э.Налетова: http://psylib.org.ua/books/kunts01/index.htm
2 Жұбанов Қ. Қазақ тілі жөніндегі зерттеулер.–Алматы: Ғылым, 1999. –518 б.
3 Жұбанов А.Қ. Құдайберген Жұбанов зерттеулеріндегі модельдеу әдісінің көрінісі//Тілтаным. -
2006. -
№1 (21) – 168 -169 бб.
4 Оразбаева Ф.Ш. Қ.Жұбановтың педагогикалық мұрасы: Оразбаева Ф.Ш. Қ.Жұбановтың
педагогикалық мұрасы: лингводидактика және әдістеме // «Жұбанов тағлымы»: Халықаралық
ғылыми-теориялық конференция материалдары. – Ақтөбе, 2005. – 33-36 бб.
5 Манкеева Ж.А. Қ.Жұбанов және қазақ тіл білімі // «Жұбанов тағылымы» республикалық
ғылыми-теориялық конференция материалдары. –Алматы, 1999. -56-58 бб.
6 Жұбанов Е. Баба тілді барласақ..// ХХІ ғасырдағы жоғарғы оқу орны: жаңа экономикалық
жағдайда өркендеу: Халықаралық ғылыми-практикалық конференция материалдары. - Ақтөбе,
2006. –115-
117 бб.
7 Абай атындағы ҚазҰПУ-нің Хабаршысы, №2(6),2015 ж. 51-54 бб.
Ж.И. Исаева -
к.ф.н., доцент Международного казахско-турецкого университета им.Х.А. Ясауи, г. Туркестан,
К. Жубанов и новые парадигмы обучения (новые технология инновации)
Статья посвящена творческому наследию видного казахского ученого, яркого представителя
национальной науки и культуры, члена движения Алаш К. Жубанова. Труды К. Жубанова посвящены
вопросам исследования казахской лингвистики нового времени, необходимости новых
инновационных подходов и принципов в изучении языка.
К.Жубанов в своих работах затрагивал проблему развития образования, условий его
динамического роста, использования новейших методов и информационных технологий обучения,
которые приведут к фундаментальному пересмотру всех принципов, методов и содержания
образования, необходимости вхождения в мировое информационное пространство, информатизации
среднего образования, использования системы интернет, электронных учебников, дистанционного
обучения, инновационного креативного получения образования и т.п.
Ключевые слова: Парадигма, развивающее обучение, уровневое обучение, метод дистанционного
обучения, повышение качества образования, вхождение в мировое информационное пространство,
информатизация среднего образования, использование системы интернет, электронные учебники,
дистанционное управление, инновационное креативное обучение.
Zh.I.Issayeva
Associate Professor of the International Kazakh-Turkish University after H.A. Yasawi, Turkestan,
Kazakhstan
K. Zhubanov and new learning paradigm (new technology innovation)
Abstract: Article is devoted to a creative heritage of the prominent Kazakh scientist, bright representative
of national science and culture, the member of the movement Alash K.Zhubanov. K.Zhubanov's works are
devoted to questions of research of the Kazakh linguistics of modern times, need of new innovative
approaches and the principles in studying of language.
K.Zhubanov touched on an issue of a development of education, conditions of its dynamic growth, use of
the latest methods and information technologies of training in his works which will lead to fundamental
revision of all principles, methods and the content of education, need of entry into world information space,
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Абай атындағы ҚазҰПУ-дың Хабаршысы, «Филология ғылымдары» сериясы, № 2 (56), 2016 ж.
informatization of secondary education, use of system the Internet, electronic textbooks, distance learning,
innovative creative education, etc.
Key words: paradigm, the developing training, level training, method of distance learning, education
improvement of quality, entry into world information space, informatization of secondary education, use of
system the Internet, electronic textbooks, remote control, innovative creative training.
УДК 81’272
IDENTIFYING CODE-SWITCHING UNITS IN AN ACADEMIC FIELD
A.S. Kamalova – 2
nd
year master student of al-Farabi Kazakh National University,
aryzhan_kamalova@mail.ru
Scientific supervisor: Shaikenova L.M. – Doctor of philological sciences, Professor, al-Farabi Kazakh
National University,
lyazzat.shaikenova@kaznu.kz
Study of bilingualism and more specifically code-switching has recently become a popular subject. Defined as the
use of two languages in the same speech event, it has attracted academic interest in the field of foreign language
learning. Drawn by this fact we decided to study speeches of university students learning English language and thus
elicit Kazakh-English code-switching. The present study is aimed at determining the relation between code switching
and its impact on learning English. Findings of the study demonstrate that code switching contributes to increasing
interest in learning as difficult linguistic material is easily learnt with the help of switching to the native or second
language.
Key words: bilingualism, multilingualism, code-switching, foreign language learning.
Nowadays the language policy is realized in accordance to the “Kazakhstan Republic Language Law” and
Republic’s Constitution. According to the law the status of the Kazakh language is determined as official.
But nevertheless there is a complicated language situation in Kazakhstan: the Kazakh language is not
functioning in full as an official one, the youth takes a fancy to foreign languages and actively learns them
(especially English); the ‘Pigeon’ language is developing (‘pigeon’ means mixed, for example, Russian –
Kazakh or Kazakh – Russian). In this connection we needed a fast qualitative-quantitative solution of the
problem at all levels of official and non-official lingual communication. The bilingualism means two
languages, but it doesn’t mean negation of one language at the expense of the other. If a state possesses a
definite state language it should be used by the state bodies to communicate with population as a means of
communication. Otherwise the statehood of the official language couldn’t be proved by the lingual
communication practice. Along this the functioning of the official language must not hamper on the
bilingualism development. The bilingualism and multilingualism are the social needs result and a social
phenomenon. It is worth to mention N. Shaimerdenova’s opinion who thinks: “we need the bilingualism
because several generations of Kazakh intelligentsia (especially scientific) have been aiming at the Russian
language and at the European culture. The Russian language has served as a common specific liaison for the
Kazakh language into the other languages. this fact is a very important argument for preserving the Russian
language as the second additional means of communication not only this, but also because the functioning of
second and third languages is the powerful source of mutual cultural enrichment for different nation
representatives till the state language becomes the main means and instrument of the inner-national and inter-
cultural communication” [1, 35].
The bilingualism and multilingualism are investigated from the different points of view: philosophical –
in the works of K.Kh. Khanazarov, M.S. Dzhunusov, D.I. Marinesku; ethno-sociological and socio-lingual –
in the works of Yu.D. Desheriyev, I.F. Protchenko, M.N. Guboglo, M.I. Isayev, A.E. Karlinsky, etc; psycho-
lingual – in the works of L.V. Shcherba, U. Vinerihe, Yu.A. Zhluktenko, L.S. Vygotsky; philological – in the
works of L.V. Shcherba, N. Mikhailenko, B.Kh. Khasanova, etc.
The study of bilingualism and more specifically code-switching has recently become a popular subject of
psycholinguistics. Productivity of connecting methods and approaches for socio- and psycholinguistics is
obvious: for a more complete understanding of the motives and mechanisms of language choice in a situation
of bilingualism sociolinguists need to go beyond the scope of linguistics at the mental processes of the
individual, through which the material is organized by language in the human brain and the right time is
retrieved. The interest of psycholinguists in bilingualism can be explained by the fact that the study of the
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Вестник КазНПУ им.Абая, серия «Филологические науки», № 2(56), 2016 г.
very ability to use in speech two languages and mechanisms of this action can no longer tell the researcher
what the properties and place in the brain processes underlie human capacity for speech production and
perception, than learning only one language. However, a significant disadvantage of nearly all
psycholinguistic studies is that they are based on the experimental procedure, in this case the study of
bilingual processes under laboratory artificially not on living material, natural speech rather in simulated
conditions. Experiments are mostly focused on the identification of selected individual words in speech,
which, for example, are presented to them in bilingual context, etc.
Code-switching as a language phenomenon has been investigated largely during the last decades.
Defined as the use of two languages in the same speech event, it has attracted academic interest in the field
of foreign language learning. Much debate has been focused on the attitudes towards code switching and
functioning of code-switching in a foreign language classroom environment [2, 97].
There is no general agreement on a clear-cut definition of code-switching among scholars. Being a
complex phenomenon, it is discussed in every subfield of language disciplines. It is regarded as a feature of
bilingual communication, and ease and structural diversity of the sequence of elements of different languages
without breaking the rules of the matrix language indicates a fairly high level of proficiency in two
languages. Code-switching is defined as a “systematic alternating use of two languages varieties within a
single conversation” (Li, 2000).
In linguistics, code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or
language varieties, in the context of a single conversation. Multilinguals – speakers of more than one
language – sometimes use elements of multiple languages when conversing with each other. Thus, code-
switching is the use of more than one linguistic variety in a manner consistent with the syntax and phonology
of each variety.
Code-switching is distinct from other language contact phenomena, such as borrowing, pidgins and
creoles, loan translation (calques), and language transfer (language interference). Borrowing affects the
lexicon, the words that make up a language, while code-switching takes place in individual utterances.
Speakers form and establish a pidgin language when two or more speakers who do not speak a common
language form an intermediate, third language. On the other hand, speakers practice code-switching when
they are each fluent in both languages. Code mixing is a thematically related term, but the usage of the terms
code-switching and code-mixing varies. Some scholars use either term to denote the same practice, while
others apply code-mixing to denote the formal linguistic properties of language-contact phenomena, and
code-switching to denote the actual, spoken usages by multilingual persons. Code Switching (also mixing
codes) in linguistics refers to the process of conversation, suggestions or voice component, in which there is
a sudden, spontaneous speaker switching from one language to another language or dialect and vice versa.
Code Switching often depends on the context. This phenomenon can be shown both orally and in writing.
Unlike interference, there is a complete language change in code switching. For example, the main sentence
can be written in one language, and subordinate other [3, 157].
Interference in linguistics refers to the consequence of the influence of one language into another. This
phenomenon can be shown both orally and in writing.
According to Max Weinreich, condition for the emergence of linguistic interference is language contact,
under which it is possible to realize a “verbal communication between the two language communities,” or
learning situation. “Two or more languages are in contact if they alternately uses one and the same person.
Thus, the locations of contact are individuals who use the language. The consequence of contact languages is
often interference, i.e. cases of deviation from the norms of each language, occurring in the speech of
bilinguals as a result of their acquaintance with more than one language”.
E. Haugen defines linguistic interference as the overlap, in which the linguistic unit is part of the two
systems at the same time, or as a superposition of two language systems. V.Y. Rosenzweig
believes that “interference – a violation of the rules of correlation bilingual languages in contact, which
manifests itself in his speech in the event of a fault”. “Interference (from Lat. Inter – with each other,
mutually and ferio – touch, hit) – interaction of language systems in a bilingual, or by contacting the
emerging languages, or when the individual development of non-native language; expressed as a deviation
from the norm and of the second language under the influence of the mother ...” [4, 23].
Unlike switching codes in the interference does not occur language change, and the change of the
language under the influence of another.
So, interference is the transfer of linguistic features between languages in the speech repertoire of a
bilingual or multilingual individual, whether from first to second, second to first or many other relationships.
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Абай атындағы ҚазҰПУ-дың Хабаршысы, «Филология ғылымдары» сериясы, № 2 (56), 2016 ж.
According to Cook, the tradition of excluding the native language from the second language classrooms
had considerably limited “the possibilities of language teaching” (2001). The linguist claims that code
switching assists in explaining grammatical and lexical materials; may be used as a tool for description of
difficult concepts; reduces the time to explain tasks; and demonstrates real second language situation (2001).
It should be noted that most of these studies were mainly conducted in the countries where structurally
similar languages coexist (e.g. European languages) and, in most cases, they refer to one language family.
Therefore, to portray a full picture of code switching and its impact on second language acquisition we need
to consider it on the example of languages with different structures such as Kazakh, Russian and English and
to examine how these languages coexist in the sociolinguistic space of Kazakhstan.
This problem is of particular importance in relation to the realities of Kazakhstani society, where the
linguistic landscape of Kazakhstan represents a unique linguistic space, which is characterized by
demographic and sociolinguistic complexity and represents a multi-lingual society. Therefore, the issue of
code-switching requires careful study. The present study is aimed at determining the relation between code
switching and its impact on learning English. The results of the study reveal that learners regard code
switching as a positive phenomenon in general.
Furthermore, the results of the study indicate the relation between code switching and its impact on
learning. The majority of students unanimously respond that code switching contributes to effective language
acquisition: it helps them understand difficult words and concepts, and explanation of difficult parts of the
grammar in the native language assists in acquiring the proficient level of English. In general, students
believe that code switching that students hold positive attitudes towards code switching in the process of
second language acquisition. Findings of the study demonstrate that code switching contributes to increasing
interest in learning as difficult linguistic material is easily learnt with the help of switching to the native or
second language. Following dialogs have been established during the research:
Example 1.
T: Now you should put sentences in actively ideological order from one to six.
S1: So I didn’t understand what to do
T: You should put the words given in task A on p.11, here A,B,C,D,E,F, you should put them into a
logical order
S
2: Рет-ретімен қоямыз ба соны?
Т: Иә, рет-ретімен қоясыздар.
S1: Aa
T: What is navigate?
S1: Навигация ма?
T: It’s a verb.
S2: мм, түсініп тұрм, айта алмай жатырм.
Above given example appears at the classroom when student uses L1 to clarify the given task and teacher
answers accordingly. At first gives students to understand the task by repeating it. However, student switches
to Kazakh finding it more accessible to apprehend.
Example 2.
T: It isn’t very quiet also not very noisy.
S1: But in breaktimes there will be noisy especially in the коридор
T: to speak/say smth in a quiet voice under your nose.
S1: ыңқылдау, жаңағы, mumble
Some instances for students to switch to Russian or Kazakh language are because of the vocabulary, i.e.
when they find it hard to recollect the word in English.
Example 3.
T: If you’re afraid of smth you try to sleep?
S1: Үйде, мысалыға, қорқып жатсаң ұйықтап қалуға тырысасың ғой.
S2: Вот именно запугивать. Когда резко тебя запугивают. Там, например, привидение увидел.
Switch of Kazakh-Russian-English languages simultaneously in one dialog are not of regular issue,
however that happens. Stated example demonstrates language prevalence between two students. First student
finds it comfortable to communicate in Kazakh whereas second student expresses herself in Russian.
Example 4.
T: we should remember that we can’t use must be in saying deduction and speculation.
S1: Maybe its: I think it must be neighbor’s cat.
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Вестник КазНПУ им.Абая, серия «Филологические науки», № 2(56), 2016 г.
S2: May, might либо could болады. Просто can всегда opposite-та тұратын еді.
S1: Julie is going to be late болатын шығар да?
S
2: Мхм, дұрыс, просто to-ді қоса салды
S3: to керек
Last group of examples are of interference usage. We have already mentioned difference between these
two terms in our theory section. Above are clear-cut indications to this linguistic occurrence.
Some reasons for code switching have also been identified during the study. Kazakh-English code
switching is used to attract the attention of the interlocutors, to convey more precise meaning, and make
speech expressive.
Code switching also serves as a means of identifying with a specific group. Kazakh-English code
switching happens when the students do not know the appropriate word or expression and when there is no
equivalent word in one of the languages. A favorable environment is created for students and the process of
language learning becomes more efficient. Students do not feel lost and feel satisfied in the process of
language learning. However, as mentioned previously, many respondents do not switch forth and back
between languages which is apparently interpreted by the fact that the use of only English is mostly
encouraged by a teacher and code switching is regarded as a negative phenomenon [5, 82]. The issue of code
switching is currently studied from different perspectives and the attitude of a learner, speaking personality,
towards code switching is one of the important ones. Code switching in educational environment is an
unavoidable and necessary phenomenon. We think that it contributes to efficient second language learning.
The issue of Kazakh-English code switching has been the focus of some research in Kazakhstan quite
recently; therefore, researches in this field are in the development stage and are highly relevant. The present
paper addresses the issue of Kazakh-English code switching in educational space of Kazakhstan. The aim of
the study was to determine the relation between code switching and its impact on English language learning.
The study is based on the questionnaire conducted among students of higher educational institutions of
Astana with different proficiency levels of English. The present paper is organized as follows. Literature
review summarizes the research on code switching in the second language classroom.
Kazakhstan is multicultural and multilingual territory, which is the place of residence of more than 130
ethnic nationalities. The majority of Kazakhstan citizens are bilingual. In Kazakhstan, the Kazakh language
possesses an official state status, whereas the Russian language is considered the language of international
communication; also, a particular attention is paid to the study of the English language, which demonstrates
a wide range of opportunities for international cooperation and communication.
Code switching denotes the process of speech, sentence or speech composition during which occurs
sudden spontaneous switching from one language to another language or dialect and back. Such occurrence
indicates the language situation in the Republic. During the modern social-economy changes in conditions of
Globalization it is important to the representatives of title ethnos not to forget and not to disregard their
native language, customs or culture, and the others language and culture who has residence in Kazakhstan.
1
Шаймерденова, Н.Ж.
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Казахстана. - Астана: Фолиант, 2012. – 276 с.
2
Woolard K. Codeswitching. In A. Duranti. A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology. – Malden,
Mass.: Blackwell, 2004. – P. 73–94.
3
MacSwan J. Code-switching and grammatical theory. In T. Bhatia and W. Ritchie. Handbook of
Multilingualism (2nd ed.). – Cambridge: Blackwell, 2013. – P. 167.
4
Розенцвейг В. Ю. Языковые контакты. – Л.: Наука, 1972. – 80 c.
5
Шайбакова Д.Д. Синхронно взаимодействие языков и культур в коммуникации. // Вестник
КазНПУ имени Абая, серия «Филологическая», №2 (48), 2014 г. Алматы: Издательство «Ұлағат»,
2014. – 80-
86 с.
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