Список использованной литературы:
1.
Нурсеитов Э.О. Бухгалтерский учет в организациях/Учебное пособие. Издание второе,
дополненное и переработанное – Алматы, 2009. – 476 с.
2.
Савицкая Г. В. Анализ хозяйственной деятельности предприятия: 4-е изд., перераб. и
доп. — Минск: 000 «Новое знание», 2000. — 688 с.
3.
Ковалев В.В., Ковалев Вит. В. Финансовая отчетность. Анализ финансовой отчетности
(основы балансоведения):учеб.пособие. – 2-е изд., перераб. и доп.- М.: ТК Велби, Изд-во
Проспект, 2009. – 432 с.
D.А. Aitzhanova
А.Т.Tazhbenova,
Institute of Economy CS МES RК,
Аlmaty
PROBLEMS OF EFFECTIVE USE OF THE NATURAL AND RESOURCE POTENTIAL
METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY OF KAZAHSTAN
Kazakhstan is included into the first ten the countries of the world on reserves of solid minerals,
thus possessing an insignificant share in world trade by mining and metallurgical production. By
estimates of geologists, in the country there are all prerequisites for intensive and effective development
of MMC. First of all, it is reserves of minerals, unique, considerable by world criteria: the country has
396
reserves of ferrous metals, 29 types of color, two types of precious metals; 84 industrial minerals stand
on balance of our country. On reserves of ferrous metals Kazakhstan – one of the leading countries of the
world. So, on reserves of chromites and production of saleable ore we take the 2nd place in the world
after the Republic of South Africa. On reserves of manganese ores the republic is on the 3rd place in the
world, on iron ores – on 7, on lead – on 1, to zinc – on 2, on copper – on the 5th place. In RK 30% of
world reserves of chrome ore, 25% – manganese ores, 10% – iron ores are concentrated. Reserves of
copper, lead and zinc make respectively 10 and 13% of the world. Kazakhstan on production of the titan
takes the 3rd place in the world, zinc – the 7th, lead – the 8th, iron ore – the 13th, copper – the 15th,
became – the 35th. On explored reserves (by estimates of analysts) the majority of metals and RK ores
enters the first ten the leading mining countries of the world, possessing considerable reserves of 3
ferrous metals, 29 color, 2 precious, 84 types of minerals, and also energy carriers (from world reserves,
approximately), including solid minerals: gold – 2,5%; silver – 14%; copper – 6,9%; lead – 20%; zinc –
14,7%; nickel – 1,4%; cobalt – 3,5%; bauxites – 1,2%; iron – 5,8%; manganese – 30%; chrome ores –
35%; barite – 47%. Kazakhstan has 90% of all world phosphatic resources. Kazakhstan – the world's
largest producer of beryllium (the 1-4th place), niobium, gallium, technical thallium, a titanic sponge (the
3rd place), rhenium (the 1-5th places), uranium (the 2nd place), coal (the 7th place), silver (the 9th
place), zinc (the 4th place), alumina (the 10th place), to gold and bauxites (the 14th place). In RK 45% of
the confirmed uranium reserves are concentrated. USSR. On reserves of tantalum, niobium the republic
takes the 1st place in the CIS. By the majority of types of natural richness of Kazakhstan the estimated
expected resources exceed the confirmed stocks by 2-3,5 times. In total in the country 40 types of
minerals, including 23 types of metal ores are got, and the potential taken value of these resources makes
more than $11 trillion [1].
According to the experts, among the world's largest producers of production of MMC – 13
Kazakhstan companies. Kazakhstan takes the 28th place in the world, the 8th – in Asia on smelting of
steel from 53 countries of the world, 24 – in the world on cast iron smelting (from 42 countries). On
production of ferroalloys and ferrochrome, Kazakhstan can become the large producer of highly
competitive brands qualitative steel and alloys, including and stainless steel. As strategic branch of
national economy of MMC it is focused on creation of processing industries on production with the high
value added (HVA) providing increase in production and export on foreign markets and satisfaction of
requirements of domestic market. 90% of export of RK are made by production of the mineral and raw
complex (MRC).
The forecast of consumption of the main metals for the period till 2050 on regions in comparison
with 2000 (tab. 1) testifies to growth of need for the 1st half of the XXI century on average by 1,5 times,
and, practically in all regions and the mining countries of the world, except Japan.
Table 1 – The forecast of consumption of some metals till 2050 on regions of the world
Regions
Al, mln. t
Сu, mln. t
Fe, mln. t
Ni, thous. t
Pb, mln. t
Zn, mln. t
2000 2050
2000
2050
2000
2050
2000
2050
2000
2050
2000
2050
North America
10,6
14,2
4,0
5,5
132
204
171
280
1,7
2,2
1,8
2,6
Latin America
1,8
4,7
0,9
2,9
41
116
37
140
0,5
1,5
0,6
1,8
Western Europe
8,0
10,6
3,9
4,4
148
181
395
460
1,7
1,4
2,8
3,0
Eastern Europe
1,0
1,8
0,7
1,2
32
52
10
40
0,3
0,5
0,3
0,6
CIS countries
0,2
0,8
29
0,5
27
35
0,1
40
0,2
0,3
0,0
0,4
Western Asia
0,3
1,2
0,4
0,1
16
43
10
30
0,1
0,5
0,1
0,5
South-east Asia
0,6
1,6
0,6
1,0
28
50
23
70
0,1
0,6
0,4
0,9
China
3,9
5,1
2,9
4,0
146
192
80
130
0,7
1,4
1,4
2,0
Japan
3,2
2,5
1,2
1,0
76
62
204
170
0,3
0,2
1,0
0,8
Other countries of
Asia
2,1
3,2
1,6
2,6
88
123
184
220
0,8
1,3
1,2
1,7
Oceania
0,5
1,2
0,1
0,4
6
19
1
20
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
Africa
0,4
1,6
0,2
1,0
15
38
28
80
0,1
0,5
0,2
0,8
World in general:
average
32,8
48,5
16,4
25,3
759
1114
114
1680
6,4
10,9
10,4
15,3
high
54,5
28,6
1253
1900
12,7
17,4
Note - It’s made by data of [ИПКОН, РАЕН, РФ]
According to the analysis of outputs and forecasts of consumption of minerals in world economy
on prospect follows that the mining industry remains basic, and the main loading on production and
397
processing of minerals is the share of the Asian countries. World tendencies in development of mining of
the last years, especially in the first 10 anniversary of the XXI century, testify that volumes of mining
(including non-ferrous metals) continue to grow [2-4].
The MMC plays an important role in formation of macroeconomic indicators of national economy,
making about 95% of the consumed constructional materials and substantially determines the level of
utilization of capacity of a number of key branches of economy of RK. The MMC is a link between all
branches, sectors and productions of national economy. On outputs the metallurgy wins first place
among industrial branches of the Kazakhstan economy, representing more than 200 enterprises: iron and
steel works and plants, pipe, hardware, coke-chemical, on production of ogneupor, the mining
enterprises, ferroalloy, plants of nonferrous metallurgy, the enterprises of secondary metals, a big
complex of the enterprises of auxiliary appointment, and also the research and design organizations.
More than 7% of GDP, about 17% in a total amount of industrial production, more than 35% of
volume of manufacturing industry and 20% – export fall to the share of MMC. From MMC, in the social
plan, development of regions, big and small cities, growth of number of workplaces, and also social,
production and transport infrastructures depends. More than 70% of the enterprises of MMC are city-
forming and results of their work define social and economic stability of mining regions. At the
enterprises of MMC about 300 thousand people (the main personnel), including over 87 thousand – in
metallurgy are occupied. So far conditional security of branches with active explored reserves, counting
on design capacities of the extracting complexes makes on: iron ore branch – more than 80 years,
manganese ore – more than 100 years, chrome ore – more than 50 years. But for open works security
with explored reserves is much lower: iron ore branch – for 30 years, manganese ore– 20, chrome ore –
for 7 years.
More than 80% of explored reserves of minerals are developed in Kazakhstan on a contract basis.
For 01.01.2015 total number of the operating objects of monitoring of subsurface use made 2553,
including 430 – on solid minerals.
The output in the mining industry and development of pits on the index of physical volume (IPV)
for January-August, 2015 made – 99,1% [5].
The volume of production of the IFO metal ores – 98,1%. Production of iron ore made IFO –
82,3%. Decrease in production of iron ore on JSC SSGPO (from 25 665 thousand tons for January-
August, 2014 to 20 324 thousand tons for January-August, 2015 that makes 79,2%) in connection with
change of requirements of the market).
Production of ores of the IFO non-ferrous metals – 103,6%.
The share of branch in the general structure of industrial production following the results of 2014
makes 18%. For January-December, 2014 the volume of production of metal ores in established prices
made 882,3 billion tenges, IFO – 106,3%, where:
- production of iron ore – 223,3 billion tenges, IFO – 99,3%.
Decrease in volumes of production of iron ore is connected with decrease in production on JSC
SSGPO and Orken LLP in connection with change of requirements of the market.
- production of ores of non-ferrous metals makes – 658,9 billion tenges, IFO – 109,7%.
For January-December, 2014 the output in metallurgical industry made 1 915,2 billion tenges of
IFO in comparison with the similar period of 2013 made 100,2% [6]. Output:
- the main precious and non-ferrous metals – 1 141,9 billion tenges (IFO – 95,2%);
Decrease in production of the main precious and non-ferrous metals is connected by co:
- decrease in production of the refined copper on Kazakhmys Corporation LLP, owing to a stop
from September 1, 2013 to November 1, 2014 Zhezkazgan copper-smelting plant;
- decrease in production of silver on Kazakhmys Corporation LLP in connection with realization
of a copper concentrate;
- decrease in production of alumina and primary aluminum in connection with falling of the price
of realization of primary aluminum which depends on the aluminum price at the London exchange of
metals.
- ferrous metallurgy – 765 billion tenges (IFO – 108,6%).
By RK MMC today, it is generally focused on export of own production. The main import
countries of the mining industry are Russia, China and the EU country (tab. 2).
398
Table 2- Main directions of export of production of MMC of Kazakhstan
Priducts
Import country
Coal
RF
Iron ore and pellets
RF
Alumina (aluminum oxide)
RF
Aluminum
RF, PRC
Ferroalloys
RF, PRC, Germany, Japan, South Korea
Zinc
PRC, Italy, Netherlands
Lead
Switzerland, Spain
Copper
China, Great Britain
Gold
Switzerland, Italy, UAE
Silver
Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland
Rare and rare-earth metals
USA, Japan, Netherlands, South Korea, RF
Source: data of Customs committee of the Ministry of Finance of RK
According to the experts, the condition of mining industry of Kazakhstan is characterized by lag of
development of mineral resources (working off of traditional sources of raw materials, lack of
investments in reproduction of stocks, exhaustion of the prepared stocks (Tekeliysk, Zyryanovsk and
Balkhash combines), deficiency of investments, deterioration mining-and-geological and - specifications
of development of fields, imperfection of the existing technologies of production and processing of
mineral raw materials and an equipment obsolescence in MMC (according to the enterprises, in ferrous
and nonferrous metallurgy of the country, respectively: 36,8 and 41,5). The problem of lag of rates of
reproduction from rates of repayment of reserves of minerals is supposed to be solved through expansion
of a source of raw materials of the operating mining enterprises, especially in nonferrous metallurgy:
investigation of strategic types of minerals in East, Central and Northern Kazakhstan; development and
deployment of effective technologies on processing off-balance, the the difficult enriched of ores and
concentrates and dumps, and also uses of secondary raw materials (scrap and waste of ferrous and non-
ferrous metals).
Conclusions about a condition of the competitive environment of MMC have to become a basis of
its perspective development. SWOT analysis of MMC is given in table 3.
Table 3 – SWOT analysis of development of RK MMC
Strengths
Weaknesses
1. considerable mineral and raw capacity of the country
taking into account expected resources of all types of raw
materials
2. Existence and the automated access to geological
information on resources of a subsoil
3. Existence of the prospecting enterprises with
experience of carrying out exploration
4. Systematic carrying out geological researches of a
subsoil
1. Exhaustion of stocks of readily available fields
2. Decline in quality of minerals
3. Dependence on an environment of the internal and
internal markets
4. Deficiency of qualified specialists in the field of mining
5. Absence state branch research organizations of a
prospecting, mining and metallurgical profile
Opportunities
Threats
1. Increase in rates of production and consumption of
mineral raw materials
2. Increase in prices for mineral raw materials and
resources (a favorable environment in the world markets)
3. Identification of the new sources of mineral raw
materials ensuring economic security of the country
4. Production of MMC with a high value added
6. Growth of the competition between the companies for
access to perspective subsoil plots
7. Involvement of private domestic and foreign investors
in projects of development of RK MMC
1. Development of fields with adverse mining-and-
geological and – specifications. in remote regions of the
country
2. Low innovative level of branches of MMC.
3. Absence of effective technologies of extraction of metals
of the reconnoitered ores with poor qualities that constrains
involvement them in development.
3. Increase of environmental problems in mining regions.
Growth of pollution.
4. A lack of vocational training of shots for MMC, and also a
low skill level of experts after branches
Note - AGMP, the Ministry of Energy of RK is made according to MIIR.
One of problems having system value for development of MMC is high degree of wear of fixed
assets and discrepancy of a technological level of the Kazakhstan metallurgical production world. For the
last 20 years practically any of the enterprises of metallurgical branch of RK wasn't modernized. Until
recently at the enterprises of MMC works only on maintenance of fixed assets in working order were
performed. The latest control devices don't take root, there is low a level of automation of processes, and
this main condition of production of qualitative end products, to trade which much more favourably, than
399
to export, for example, a titanic sponge / cast iron. Wear of buildings and constructions at the enterprises
of MMC makes 40-70% (tab. 4).
Table 4 – Condition of processing equipment of the enterprises of MMC
Enterprice
Wear, %
ТОО «Корпорация «Казахмыс»
40%
ТОО «Казцинк»
36%
АО «ТНК «Казхром»
26%
АО «ССГПО»
36%
АО «Алюминий Казахстана»
70%
АО «УКТМК»
15%
It is made by the author according to RK MMC
As shows the analysis, the enterprises of MMC in comparison with the leading foreign firms allow
ore losses more than for 8-10%, power consumption of a domestic production is 1,5-1,8 times higher,
than at the advanced enterprises of the world, and labor productivity on all repartitions is, at least, 1,5-2
times lower. The share of material inputs in product cost reaches 70% [7]. In this regard the main system
problem of MMC is discrepancy of technical and technological level of production, competitiveness of
the realized steel products to requirements of her consumers, the purposes and problems of highly
effective development of branch, deficiency of completion of a source of raw materials, growth of
pollution in mining regions of the country [8].
Today for MMC processing of waste and restoration of natural ecological balance in mountain
provinces of the country are actual. Volumes of movement of mountain weight as a result of mining can
be compared to natural geological processes. Level of filling of locations and receivers of waste reached
a critical point, but dumping of waste in them proceeds [9]. In the country more than 30 billion t of
secondary resources, including more than 23 billion t of technogenic waste of MMC collected. They
need to be considered as an independent source of raw materials of metallurgy therefore ensuring
ecological safety requires creation of the mechanism of management and complex processing of waste.
Forward development of MMC is impossible without reliable and sufficient mineral resources
which are characterized by a reasonable stock of the raw materials of standard quality prepared for
development. The components is a lot of domestic ores demands conceptual changes in structural policy
at all stages of works and defines structure of rudo-metallurgical raw materials (concentrates and
technogenic raw materials).
Effective development of RK MMC causes need of development of uniform mining policy (GTP)
which has to be flexible and mobile, be updated and specified eventually and change of priorities of
social and economic development, and also factors and environmental conditions. GTP has to be formed
on the basis of the integrated target approach including following making (politicians): technical and
technological, institutional, economic, customs, tariff, budgetary, tax, social (problems of employment,
social responsibility of business), ecological, investment, information, legislative, personnel,
administrative, marketing, policy of insurance, corporate management. And, the most important, GTP it
has to be coordinated with actions of the state - societies-businesses-sciences, i.e. with all sectors of
economy. It is an important aspect of the large-scale and long-term relation of the country to use of the
natural capital.
Thus, improvement of structure of MMC for increase of its competitiveness is impossible without
synchronization and integration of mechanisms of implementation of industrial policy and development
of MMC into the uniform interconnected and balanced administrative complex. It is about formation of
the hi-tech and steadily developing complex representing diversified and-level set scientific, educational,
innovative, production, administrative, consulting, etc. structures with highly qualified personnel. The
complex has the sufficient, but completely not realized potential of a sustainable development. Are
necessary for effective use of potential of the metallurgical industry, first of all, accurately thought over
structural policy, reproduction policy as bases of smooth functioning of branch on the next and long-term
prospects and as the important prerequisites providing financial base for withdrawal from raw orientation
of national economy and its transformation in new economy.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |