REFERENCES
1. Baker, C. L. Introduction to Generative -
Transformational Syntax. USA: Prentice
Hall, Inc. 1978
2. Celce, W. L. and D. L. Freeman. The
Grammar Book: An ESL/ EFL Teacher's
Guide. USA: Newbury House Publishers,
Inc. 1983
3. Corder, S. P. Error Analysis and Interlan-
guage. Oxford. 1987
4. Dictionary of English Language and Cul-
ture. England: Longman. 1998
5. Ellis, R. Second Language Acquisition. Ox-
ford: Oxfor University Press. 1997
6. Fowler, R. An Introduction to Transforma-
tional Syntax. Great Britain: Routledge and
Kegan Paul. 1971
7. Fries, P., Grant, L., and W. Spruiell. In
creasing language awareness in English
classrooms.
http://www
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1999
8. Kolln, M. Understanding English Grammar.
USA: MacMillan Publishing CO. Inc. 1982
9. Lightbawn, P. M. and N. Spada, HowLan-
guages are Learned. Oxford: Oxford Uni-
versity Press 1999
10. Odlin, T. Language Transfer: Cross-
Linguistic Influence in Language Learning.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1989
11. Slobin, D. I. and A. Aksu-Koc. The Cross-
Linguistic Study of Language Acquisition.
Volume 1: The Data. London: Lawrence
Erlbarn Associates, Publishers. 1985
12. Slobin, D. I. and K. Zimmer. Studies in
Turkish Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Ben-
jamins Publishing Company. 1986
13. Swan, M. Practical English Usage. Ox-
ford: Oxford University Press. 1995
14. Tallerman, M. Understanding Syntax.
Great Britain: MPG Book Ltd. 1998 Turk-
ish Grammar. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
1976
15. Wong, J. Learn ability of relative clauses
.http://sunzil.lib.hku/. 25.04.2005. 1990
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УДК 811.111: 371
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE CLASSROOM
Sabyrbayeva A.
It is believed that in order to be a
teacher you should know your subject per-
fectly and can explain it to others but only
some people can speak about emotional intel-
ligence. It is difficult to disaffirm those teach-
ers always under stress being overloaded with
rules and claims set by the education system,
parents, colleagues and learners. However
they still have to be responsible to work with
enthusiasm and interest and regard with glory
to their profession. Teachers make sense to
their chosen career and make contribution to
children’s lives.
Teachers who are bright enough to
show emotionally intelligent actions towards
their learners can better find a way to their
hearts. Emotional intelligence establishes fa-
vorite conditions for learners to feel them-
selves important and tended by someone. Such
teachers harmoniously support their learners.
They engage learners in classroom activities
and help them see themselves capable of doing
these activities. An emotionally intelligent
teacher will inspire learners to participate and
to make decisions in the classroom.
The term “emotional intelligence” was
first created by Peter Salovey and Jonh D.
Mayer (1990) as a supplement to conventional
view of general intelligence. Salovey and
Mayer distinguished relation between two
main integrates of personality, cognition and
emotion.
This quite cramped definition of Emo-
tional Intelligence (EI), as the competency to
understand how other’s emotions work and
monitored one’s own emotions, was broad-
ened by Goleman to enclose such qualities as
optimism, consciousness, motivation, empathy
and social competence. (Goleman 1995,
1998). In articles in the Harvard Business Re-
view, Goleman widened the concept of EI to
the business world. He informed that “truly
effective leaders are distinguished by high de-
gree of emotional intelligence” (Goleman,
1998, p.82). Likewise, by involving on experi-
ences of more than 3000 executives, he
showed the connection between EI and leader-
ship and came up with the idea that leaders
can soar their quotient of leadership styles by
realizing which “emotional intelligence com-
petencies underlie the leadership styles they
are lacking” and working to improve them
(Goleman 2000, p. 90). Goleman and his col-
leges also claimed that various leadership
roles ask out various types of emotional intel-
ligence accentuates behavior that demands
emotional and behavioral control in public
situations. The construct is in a stage of active
development nevertheless researchers meet in
their opinion that Emotional Intelligence is a
separate form but positively connected with
other intelligence.
Emotional intelligence expands particu-
lar variance in the sense that some people are
more gifted than others. Emotional intelli-
gence changes and develops throughout the
person’s life. It can influence on persons skills
as everything in life is connected with emo-
tions.
According to Goleman emotional intel-
ligence is more important than IQ (Goleman
1995). Because emotions affected the way we
think and behave. It is necessary to be able to
use these skills effectively and to be able to
produce one’s own emotional states as well as
those of others in order to establish the appro-
priate emotional conditions for different types
of thinking. Social and emotional abilities are
connected with success in many areas of life
including productive teaching and students
learning (Marc A. Brackett). First of all
teacher should be emotionally intelligent be-
cause student look them, learn from them and
teachers influence on them. Experiencing the
right emotions at the right times can improve
motivation and energy in the teacher and in-
terest and attention in students. Those who can
control their emotions, reactions and tries to
understand others attitudes can deal better
with difficult conversations, pupils, parents
and administrators.
Another important thing about emo-
tional intelligence is that it can positively ef-
fect on classroom discipline strategies and can
help to achieve cooperative and good work in
interrelation between teachers and learners.
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How teachers’ and students’ perceive each
other’s behavior is also important and it relies
on some factors (Soleiman Yahyarabeh).
Teacher as an adult individuality should make
learners understand correctly. For example, if
teacher puts low marks or punishes them there
should be a clear explanation.
There are a lot of suggestions about
emotional intelligence. According to Goleman
one of the factors that influence to behavior
management in the classroom is emotional
intelligence. Emotional intelligence is self-
motivate competence. He assures that person
with high intelligent quotient doesn’t mean
that he/she will be successful in life. Maliga
(2006) also believed that teachers with high
level of emotional intelligence can make per-
sonalities from various age groups. According
to Gardner there are interpersonal and in-
trapersonal descriptions of EI. Intrapersonal
intelligence means an ability to make a cor-
rect, true model of a person who is capable of
handling with everything effectively. Interper-
sonal intelligence is the ability to understand
other people: what motivates them, how they
work and how to work cooperatively with
them. All emotions have reasons however it is
not always facile to recognize them. One of
the best methods of finding the reason of cer-
tain kind of emotions is by analyzing objects,
events, people and situation (Mark A.
Bracket). Mayer and Salovey assured that
people with a high emotional intelligence can
achieve some success more quickly through
the capabilities designated and to improve
more of them.
Teachers’ goal is to enlarge the aca-
demic and social improvement of all students.
Some teachers used assertive discipline in or-
der to decrease the classroom conflicts and
make them to spend their time on tasks.
MacMullin (1994) distinguished that learners’
social and emotional problems and their poor
capability to contact with teacher by using
social skills and gain support can lead to low
academic achievement. In spite of having aca-
demic competence and good literacy skills,
their academic performance and classroom
behavior however cause discomfort. They tend
to show two problems with general organiza-
tion and presentation of work, and classroom
behavior which meddles with the progress of
other students. In relationship with adults they
tend to have an argument in order to show the
truthfulness of their opinion and behavior or to
refuse to obey their request. However such
students may need to be take care and com-
municate with others in spite of their dissoci-
able attitude and behavior. Because the reason
of learners negative behavior may be various.
Family or out of class relationships can be the
main reason of their negative self-image.
Coleman emphasized that the psychol-
ogy of the brain is acquiring and keen feelings
replenish for field in the working memory.
Thereby emotions induced by conflict prevent
the learning of students who engaged in it.
Moreover, they interrupt and create an un-
friendly atmosphere for other learning too.
There three mostly spread things that can lead
to conflict between teacher and “difficult”
learners. First of all, it is the absence of seren-
ity about educator’s anticipation of learner
behavior and activity. This may follow by stu-
dents misunderstanding of teachers’ normal
words, attitudes, especially for those students
who have difficult background or experiencing
hard period of life in their family. At last,
teacher possibly could pay attention on stu-
dent’s character rather than finding the reason
and solving the current argument. The short-
age of understanding and supporting from
teachers side may instigate negative behavior
on the part of the learner.
There several strategies to help learners
to develop right social skills and emotional
stature. All of them directed to teacher behav-
ior like setting the rules and making the border
of right behavior expecting from learners in
order to have good relationship a non-
confrontational style and reply to any misbe-
havior which appears.
A non-confrontational teaching style fo-
cused on speaking on a calm voice, making
away finger stabbing and long eye contact in
the classroom, in this manner establishing
non-threatening environment, using less inter-
ruptions and walking around the classroom.
By this teacher can reclaim misbehavior by
saying it individually to the student and others
also can continue doing their tasks. In such
way teacher shows that everyone should re-
spect each other’s private life. Educators can
use humor when necessary in order to de-
crease the tension and learners can compre-
hend and manage the situation. These would
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be the teacher’s showing of empathy and ac-
ceptable skills of communication with people.
All learners find it useful and can demonstrate
it in different kinds of social relationships
(teachers, peers, parents etc.) and avoid argu-
ments.
In the USA there several programs for
improving EI of educators and learners. They
are focused on abilities as perception, under-
standing, management and use. All of them
concerns emotions that in appropriate using of
them helps to lead better work and develop
academic achievements. Target of program is
to give teachers necessary information to es-
tablish protected, enjoyable and useful envi-
ronment in school. Salovey and Mayer sug-
gested a model that found for various indexes
of emotional intelligence: the perception of
emotion, the ability reason using emotions, the
ability to understand emotion and the ability to
manage emotions. The first one is about inter-
preting emotions correctly and conceiving
them in a right way. Mostly it might immerse
nonverbal signals as facial expressions and
body language. Second one immerses emo-
tions to raise cognitive and thinking activity.
Emotions promote prosper what we notice and
response to; we react to things that attract our
attention. Perceiving emotions can have dif-
ferent meaning. If person is angry and show it
observer must think of its reason and what this
person wants to say in such way. For instance,
if your employer’s behavior is negative and
shows anger, it might be because of unsatis-
fied work that you have done or because of
having had an argument with a wife. To be
capable of manage emotions efficiently is very
important and main thing of emotional intelli-
gence. Furthermore person should regulate
and give other emotions correct feedback.
Goleman points out that emotionally in-
telligent person shows such qualities as emo-
tional conscience, accurate self-esteem, self-
control, honor, flexibility, will to win, opti-
mism, sympathy, ability to influence to others,
and ability to work in team and communica-
tive skills. Kenjemmy and Kovalsky empha-
sized such qualities in emotionally intelligent
person: intuition, active, ability to cope with
stress, also flexibility, determination, sensi-
tive, ability to solve various problems at a
time, responsibility, independence, sense of
humor, interested in promotion of organiza-
tion. To sum up analyzing these qualities it’s
obvious that peoples’ professional promotion
and high emotional intelligence are closely
connected.
The environment of school mainly in-
cludes a teacher who must make good condi-
tions for learning. Without endangering aca-
demic wholeness, the school environment di-
rected to improve social skills in students that
permit them to concern with sense of belong-
ing. Until learners’ emotional needs are met it
is hard for them to learn and perceive knowl-
edge effectively. Teacher and certainly learn-
ers emotional state influences students’ atten-
tion, perception, focus, and the time spend on
task and academic performance.
Educators who shows emotionally intel-
ligent attitude towards work and learners are
more productive in reaching the academic
aims they have established. Moreover, emo-
tionally intelligent teachers carry a sense of
conveying in relation to their students. They
create a friendly atmosphere that is not give
way to peer conflicts and promotes better
teaching context.
Emotions may extend easily however,
not all of them extend in same way. According
to Yale University research joyfulness and
kindness spread most fast, while irritancy is
less catching and heaviness spread hardly en-
tirely. Moods effects on effectiveness of peo-
ple’s work, optimistic moods boost collabora-
tion, equity, and productivity. Laughter is the
contagious sort of emotions. Human being
tends to smile mechanically when hearing
laugher and it easily spread among all group.
Merriment spreads so quickly because there
are open-loop circuits in our brain, dedicated,
in particular, for revealing smiles and laugher
that makes us laugh too. The reason is positive
emotional state. It makes people to understand
that everything is all right at that moment.
Bosses who can show their devotion
appropriately are those with who people most
eager to work. These people magnetize skillful
people for enjoyable working with them. In
contrast, bosses who show negative emotions,
which are irritable, cold and always command
- repel people. No one wants to work with
such people. Distress makes people less emo-
tionally intelligent. People who are upset have
trouble reading emotions accurately in other
people – decreasing the most basic skill
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needed for empathy and, as a result, impairing
their social skills.
People work at their best when they feel
good. Positive feelings improve mental effi-
ciency, and help people to better comprehend
the information and to use adequate rules in
whole judgments, and to be flexible in their
thinking. The basis of emotional intelligence is
the ability to sustain an optimistic outlook in
life, a healthy self-esteem and qualities such as
self-appreciation, self-respect, intuition, char-
acter, integrity and motivation. It includes
good communication and relationship skills.
Emotionally intelligent teacher are
known by their happy inclination and opti-
mism towards their job and life. There some
characteristics suitable for them:
1. They are eager to know and practice
who they really are and what they can became
through their innate ability to choose who they
want to be.
2. They tend to be open-minded towards
their profession and can accept everything
with love.
3. They are thankful for life and given
opportunities. They try to see beauty in every
moment of their life in everything.
4. They have a desire to share with their
knowledge and to give their best for teaching
with love and cooperation.
5. They are reliable, accurate, produc-
tive and conscious in their communication and
giving knowledge.
There different ways of influencing oth-
ers emotional states, for instance lighting, mu-
sic, emotion – laden reading, mental imagi-
nary or games, some teacher use even smell-
ing. The good appearance and visual senses
are also very important. But the most impor-
tant way of influencing is speaking. Especially
in Kazakhstani people it’s very important how
person speak, sometimes even more important
than what you speak about.
Learners also can use their imagination.
For example, teacher can ask them to think
about calm place in their mind. Then they can
accomplish this comfortable place by using
senses like visualization, touching, smelling
and hearing. Not only are they using more vo-
cabulary, but they are turning this place of
calm more real and prolonging as they write a
description of it.
They can also look up jokes on the
internet and learn to tell them, using expres-
sive voices and body language. This will make
the other students laugh, but at the same time
the students are working on their pronuncia-
tion. Laughter increases the level of serotonin
in our bodies and so improves our immune
system and reduces stress. Being able to laugh
at ourselves is a good way to offset the embar-
rassment of a mistake from which we could
learn.
Teachers through their behavior estab-
lish a particular emotional atmosphere in the
classroom which is certainly impacts on learn-
ers. Classroom climate is the shared percep-
tion of learners about the classroom environ-
ment. It consists of their feelings and thoughts
about teachers’ attitude to them. The class-
room atmosphere can be warm and welcoming
on the other hand it can be described by cold-
ness and indifferences. This can be seen in the
behavior that teachers show.
The emotional atmosphere in the class-
room has an obvious influence on the stu-
dents’ attitude and desire to study. In an emo-
tionally warm classroom atmosphere learners
feel accepted for their uniqueness. Conse-
quently, it raises their self-esteem. A positive
learning environment helps to meet the
teacher’s and students’ emotional needs for
psychological safety, unconditional regard and
acceptance, the feeling of belonging, purpose-
ful behavior and a sense of personal compe-
tence.
There are five basic emotional needs
according to Robert Reasoner (1992) that
should be taken into account in the classroom.
These are psychological safety, a positive self-
image, and feeling of belonging, purposeful
behavior and a sense of personal competence.
Psychological safety is one of the main
human being needs. In the classroom it can be
when learners know what is demanded from
them, feel comfortable, protected, can trust to
others and can suppose or foretell the progres-
sion of events from learning. When students
come from a dysfunctional family they may
feel insecure. For instance, their parents may
be separated or divorced; they may have
moved home a number of times; they come
from different culture; they attended several
schools; they spend large amount of time in
the care of a variety of adults; they are left
alone for most of their walking hours.
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Positive self - image is about the im-
provement of the students’ self- concept which
starts from their very early age. It is based on
how the world replies to their efforts to make
their needs known.
Feeling of belonging. It is very impor-
tant for learners to feel that they are equal to
others in the group and to feel that they have
the same basic qualities as others.
Purposeful behavior brings meaning to
learners’ efforts. If their efforts remain di-
rected towards pleasing or complying with the
demands of adults, learners lack internal moti-
vation.
Personal competence is about the rec-
ognition that teacher gives for the achievement
of goals which helps learners to gain a sense
of competence.
There also some things to remember
like to avoid harming others, respect the right
of others, do not lie or cheat, keep promises,
obey the law, prevent harm to others, help
those in need and to be fair.
Emotional intelligence takes a great role
in person’s life. Whether someone achieve
success or not is directly connected with EI.
Also effectiveness of teaching and learning in
English classroom depends on it. It is impor-
tant that students graduate with well-honed
levels of emotional intelligence. It is a prime
responsibility of educators to convert theories
and research into practical applications in the
courses.
REFERENCES
1. Fresacher, C. Emotional Intelligence and
English
Teaching.
Retrieved
from
http://www
. hltmag.co.uk/
2. Goleman, D. Richard Boyatzis, Annie
McKee. (2009) “Primal leadership realizing
the power of emotional intelligence What is
Emotional Intelligence”
3. Cherry, K. (2008) “What Is Emotional In-
telligence? Definitions, History, and Meas-
ures of Emotional Intelligence”
4. Coetzee, M. and Jansen, C. (2007) “Emo-
tional intelligence in the classroom”.
5. Salovey, P. and Sluyter, D. (1997) “What is
Emotional Intelligence in Emotional Devel-
opment and Emotional Intelligence: Educa-
tional Implications”.
6. Developing of emotional intelligence in the
classroom Retrieved from http://www. nfer.
ac. uk/
7. Salovey and Sluyter, D. (1997) “Develop-
ment and Emotional Intelligence: Educa-
tional Implications”
УДК 378: 811.111
CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS DEVELOPMENT IN TEACHING ENGLISH
TO EFL STUDENTS
Yergaliyeva A.
Who are critical thinkers?
They are learners who develop a mental
and communicative process about grammar,
discourse, strategic (negotiation of meaning),
and social-cultural competence in order to
reach the target language. Critical thinkers
interact to use the language target progress
more rapidly through habitual practices and
oral interaction as much as possible.
What is Critical Thinking?
“Critical thinking is the identification
and evaluation of evidence to guide decision
making. A critical thinker uses broad in-depth
analysis of evidence to make decisions and
communicate his/her beliefs clearly and accu-
rately.” According to Edward Glaser (1941)
“the ability to think critically involves: a) an
attitude of being disposed to consider in a
thoughtful way the problems and subjects that
come within the range of one´s experiences; b)
the knowledge of the methods of logical in-
quiry and reasoning; c) some skill in applying
those methods.
Which skills are developed through
critical thinking?
Among the skills of critical thinking we
can mention:
- Analyzing;
- Reasoning;
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- Evaluating;
- Problem solving;
- Decision Making.
Critical thinking is the process of ac-
tively analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing
information gathered from a variety of
sources, using a framework designed to lend
structure and clarity to the thinking process.
Students use their background knowledge, as
well as information gathered from other
sources, to draw their own conclusions. One of
the challenges when teaching critical thinking
skills to English language learners (ELLs) is
helping them develop adequate background
knowledge and adequate vocabulary to sup-
port this type of higher order thinking.
At each educational level, thinking must
be practiced in each content field. This means
hard work for the teacher. It's much easier to
teach students to memorize facts and then as-
sess them with multiple-choice tests. In a
course that emphasizes thinking, objectives
must include application and analysis, diver-
gent thinking, and opportunities to organize
ideas and support value judgments. When
more teachers recognize that the facts they
teach today will be replaced by the discoveries
of tomorrow, the content-versus-process con-
troversy may be resolved. As McMillen
(1986) noted, "It really boils down to whether
teachers are creating an environment that
stimulates critical inquiry."
Through the use of critical activities
students can also learn how to reach to conclu-
sions, and self- assess their performance in
class
Interactive classes could be the major
factor for the development of critical thinking.
Based on Bruffee (1984) ideas, people who
think well must first have the ability to com-
municate well and reason within a learning
community. Therefore, group work, pair work
and project work are the processes that enable
our students becoming critical thinkers. As
well they also develop collaborative strategies
that give them the opportunity to participate
effectively and listen or accept others´ ideas.
Which are critical thinkers compe-
tences?
Critical thinking calls for the ability to:
- Recognize problems, to find means for
meeting those problems.
- Understand the importance of prioriti-
zation in problem solving.
- Gather pertinent and relevant informa-
tion.
- Recognize unstated assumptions and
values.
- Comprehend and use language with
accuracy, clarity, and discernment.
- Interpret data and evaluate arguments.
- Recognize the existence of logical re-
lationships between propositions.
- Draw conclusions and generalizations.
- Put to test the conclusions and gener-
alizations at which one arrives.
- Reconstruct one’s patterns of beliefs
on the basis of wider experience.
- Render accurate judgments about spe-
cific things and qualities in everyday life.
So, the above mentioned points are the-
ory. How does theory go with practice in our
region and country?
The first thing most new EFL teachers
in Kazakhstan discover when they begin to
teach English is the lack of critical thinking
skills of the most students. The teacher writes
information on the board and the students
copy it, memorize it and regurgitate it on the
next exam. Consequently, many Kazakhstan
students do not have problem-solving or criti-
cal thinking skills, both of which are necessary
if they are to compete in the modern world.
For any EFL teacher to be successful in Ka-
zakhstan and to really help their students
learn, they must teach critical thinking and
problem solving skills, and here are some
great ways to start. Strategies for integrating
the four skills in the development of critical
thinking.
Begin With Reading - When beginning
to teach critical thinking skills to EFL students
in Kazakhstan who do not have them, you
should not begin with something too challeng-
ing or something that requires them to bring
their own already-though-out opinions or in-
formation to class. Instead, begin with a read-
ing exercise. Read a passage in an English
book out loud, and then have your students
read it out loud themselves. Then discuss it.
The topic of teaching students to think while
reading-critical reading-should be central to
any discussion of thinking skills, in part be-
cause the reading of textbooks plays such a
prominent role in the content fields. Critical
reading has been defined as learning to evalu-
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ate, draw inferences and arrive at conclusions
based on the evidence (Zintz and Maggart,
1984).
One method that promotes critical read-
ing involves the use of news media in the
class. Newspapers, magazines, television, and
radio can motivate students to develop critical
listening and reading skills. Differing accounts
and editorials can be compared as a way of
helping students read with a questioning atti-
tude. Students can construct their own argu-
ments for discussion or publication in student
newspapers. In the process, they become more
discriminating consumers of news media, ad-
vertising, and entertainment.
During this activity students need to or-
ganize pieces from a story in the correct order;
they will make up a title for it as well as write
a new ending. This exercise provides students
the opportunity to think logically, to solve
problems and relate the events to their own
previous experiences.
Socratic thinking: it is a process of
questioning hypothetical problems so thinking
would be triggered, the idea is to challenge
students to answer questions analysis between
facts and assumptions and get to the best pos-
sible solution according to the situation.
Think Out-of–the-box: make students
draw a specified number of dots and then tell
them to join the dots making creative figures
with a determined number of lines.
What if you were: make students imag-
ine and characterize a person, who could be a
famous are popular one. Give a student a hy-
pothetical event and ask them to react as if
they were that know person. These kind of
activities will help students understand others
reactions and think in different ways.
This article is intended to help teachers
who are interested in developing and encour-
aging critical thought in their language class-
rooms. First I will explain briefly how I define
critical thinking and why I feel it is important,
relevant, and highly applicable to the EFL/
ESL teaching context. Then I will look briefly
at what I feel are two key elements teachers
interested in this topic should keep in mind.
The majority of this article however, is given
over to an analysis of three classroom tech-
niques which I feel teachers in most any cir-
cumstance or situation can begin to use almost
immediately. I have tried to focus on tech-
niques which I think help students to focus on
the real world around them and which teachers
may make use of even with limited resources.
Simple Debate Skills - While a debate
might seem like a huge challenge for EFL stu-
dents just learning about critical thinking and
problem solving I've often discovered, if it's
kept at a simple level and about a subject
they're interested in, it's usually quite success-
ful and students have a blast.
This miniature guide focuses on of the
essence of critical thinking concepts and tools
distilled into pocket size. For faculty it pro-
vides a shared concept of critical thinking. For
students it is a critical thinking supplement to
any textbook for any course. Faculty can use it
to design instruction, assignments, and tests in
any subject. Students can use it to improve
their learning in any content area. Its generic
skills apply to all subjects. For example, criti-
cal thinkers are clear as to the purpose at hand
and the question at issue. They question in-
formation, conclusions, and points of view.
They strive to be clear, accurate, precise, and
relevant. They seek to think beneath the sur-
face, to be logical, and fair. They apply these
skills to their reading and writing as well as to
their speaking and listening. They apply them
in history, science, math, philosophy, and the
arts; in professional and personal life. When
this guide is used as a supplement to the text-
book in multiple courses, students begin to
perceive the usefulness of critical thinking in
every domain of learning. And if their instruc-
tors provide examples of the application of the
subject to daily life, students begin to see that
education is a tool for improving the quality of
their lives. If you are a student using this mini-
guide, get in the habit of carrying it with you
to every class. Consult it frequently in analyz-
ing and synthesizing what you are learning.
Aim for deep internalization of the principles
you find in it - until using them becomes sec-
ond nature. If successful, this guide will serve
faculty, students, and the educational program
simultaneously.
Critical Thinking Skills in Writing - As
critical thinking skills are vital at the univer-
sity level in the west, and becoming more im-
portant in Asian universities, it's important
that Asian students can apply critical thinking
and problem solving skills to essays they
write.
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Teaching critical thinking to EFL stu-
dents in Asia is often as simple as asking your
students what their opinions are and then
pushing them on what they think so that they
think deeper and their critical thinking skills
become more developed. In keeping with the
current emphasis on writing across the cur-
riculum, composition and rhetoric scholars
stress the teaching of thinking through writing.
Elbow (1983) has presented a two-step writing
process called first-order and second-order
thinking. For the first order thinking, he rec-
ommends freewriting. So it means an un-
planned, free-association type of heuristic
writing designed to help students discover
what they think about a topic. The freewriting
technique produces conceptual insights. Elbow
asked students to write a few incidents that
came to mind without careful thinking. This
resulted in more intuitive, creative thinking.
Elbow cautions that the reflective scrutiny of
second-order thinking is a necessary follow-up
of free writing. In this stage, the writer exam-
ines inferences and prejudices and strives for
logic and control.
Most students in Kazakhstan do have
opinions and critical thinking skills, and can
develop problem solving skills if the student
themselves is treated as having something
valuable to add to the discussion and is actu-
ally asked what their opinion is (in Kazakh-
stan, they're usually not even asked).
Critical thinking is an important and vi-
tal topic in modern education. It is a sophisti-
cated process which includes skills, disposi-
tions and met cognition. Critical thinking is
disciplined, self-directed, reasonable and re-
flective thinking that one performs when de-
ciding what to believe or do.
All educators are interested in teaching
critical thinking to their students. Many aca-
demic departments expect their professors and
instructors to be well informed about the strat-
egy of teaching critical thinking skills, identify
areas in one’s courses as the proper place to
emphasize and teach critical thinking, and de-
velop and use some problems in exams that
test students’ critical thinking skills. The ur-
gent need to teach thinking skills at all levels
of education continues. But we should not rely
on special courses and texts to do the job. In-
stead, every teacher should create an atmos-
phere where students are encouraged to read
deeply, question, engage in divergent thinking,
look for relationships among ideas, and grap-
ple with real life issues.
A well-known fact is that students dur-
ing their learning years do not achieve suffi-
cient language skills to understand lectures,
comprehend texts books, participate in class
discussions or generate an accurate written
work. The development of met cognitive
strategies can help them organize, plan and
make decisions about their own learning. This
development is, of course, teachers´ responsi-
bility to get acquired by the use of new strate-
gies, so students will be expected to think, to
communicate and to continue their learning by
themselves in and outside the classroom.
As a teacher, it does not matter whoever
you are a primary school teacher or a high
school teacher or a university teacher, we
should enclose these different type of critical
thinking skills, because we need talented and
gifted people in the future. These people will
make our life easier and give us fruitful activi-
ties and works.
Focusing Skills
Focusing skills come into play when an
individual senses a problem, an issue, or a lack
of meaning. Focusing skills enable him or her
to attend to selected pieces of information and
ignore others. The two focusing skills we
chose to include in this framework, defining
problems and setting goals, are often use
dearly in a thinking process, but that also be
used at any time during a task to clarify or ver-
ify something or to redefine or refocus one's
efforts. Focusing skills may also be used at the
end of problem solving, comprehending, or
other processes as a way of establishing "next
steps."
Defining Problems
This may include asking and answering
such questions as:
What is a statement of the problem?
Who has the problem? What arc some exam-
ples of it? By when must it be solved? What
makes it a problem? Or, why must it be
solved? These questions help the learner iden-
tify the "problem space" or boundaries of the
problem as well as clarify its nature (Newell &
Simon, 1972).
Giving some attention to defining prob-
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lems is crucial when the problem is ill-defined
or unstructured, such as finding ways to con-
serve eroding soil or determining the reasons
for behaviors of the a laractersin Lord of the
Flies; however, the same questions are impor-
tant even with well-structured problems such
as how to if lance a car (Frederiksen, 1984).
Defining problems is important not only in
problem solving but also in many of the other
processes, such as scientific inquiry.
Key Concepts and Issues Once a prob-
lem has been "found" most research on prob-
lem solving emphasizes the importance of
clarifying the situation early in the process,
but students tend to ignore this step, perhaps
because of the way problem solving is taught
(Bransford, Sherwood, Rieser,& Vye, 1986).
For example, students are often given prob-
lems for practice that are not of real signifi-
cance to them. A page of story problems theta
nothing but computational exercises in sen-
tence form can be solved simply by changing
the sentences into computational algorithms.
To ask the question "W I lose problem is it?"
would seem strange and pointless in this situa-
tion. Such exercises are appropriate for prac-
ticing computation, but they do very little to
help students apply mathematics to solve real-
world problems.
Indeed, many situations call for "prob-
lem finding" recognizing a problem when
there appears to be none. For example, stu-
dents do not always recognize that their writ-
ing cannot be understood by their intended
audience. They pro-duce writing that only they
can understand (writer -based prose)and ex-
press surprise when a reader is confused. As
part of writing instruction, teachers need to
help students discover that taking the reader's
point of view is indeed a real problem and that
solving it requires definition and clarification.
Strategies A general principle for teach-
ing students to define problems is to begin
with problems that are clearly structured and
then move to more unstructured problems. The
problem- defining questions listed above can
be used to guide the discussion. A discussion
of the national debt a complex, familiar, un-
structured problem might be preceded by dis-
cussion of something simpler and more famil-
iar, such as a personal debt. Such questions
can lead students to define a problem more
carefully, to change or reshape a problem, or
even to reassess whether a situation is a prob-
lem in the first place. Equally important, ap-
plying these questions to familiar problems
helps students link the new information to
prior knowledge.
Comments on Classroom Applications
A key issue for most skills in this chapter is
whether or not students benefit from isolated
skills instruction. Is it useful to teach defining
problems as an end in itself? While many
thinking skills programs attempt to do that,
there is considerable debate among researchers
about whether generic skills instruction helps
students to solve ob lessen the content areas.
REFERENCES
1. Critical thinking skills by Alec Fisher
2. Handbook for teachers University of
CAMBRIDGE Faculty of Education
3. Incorporating Critical Thinking Skills De-
velopment into ESL/EFL Courses. Andy
Halvorsen halvora [at] seattleu. edu Poly-
technic University (Tirana, Albania)
4. Generating Questions: Using Critical
Thinking Skills By: Liz Fothergrill (2006)
5. Performance more by Reza Gholami
6. The Impact of Teaching Critical Thinking
on Intermediate EFL Learners' Writing Skill
Nacim Shangarffam Faculty Member at Is-
lamic Azad University, Central Tehran
Branch Department of English Teaching,
Tehran, Iran Maryam Mamipour Islamic
Azad University, Central Tehran Branch
Department of English Teaching, Tehran,
Iran
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УДК 159.953.5 : 37.015.3
МЕТОДЫ И ПРИЕМЫ РАЗВИТИЯ КРИТИЧЕСКОГО МЫШЛЕНИЯ НА
УРОКАХ ЛИТЕРАТУРНОГО ЧТЕНИЯ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ
ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ГРАМОТНОСТИ
Омельяненко В.П.
Одна из важнейших задач современ-
ной школы – формирование функциональ-
но грамотных людей. Что такое «функцио-
нальная грамотность»? Функциональная
грамотность – способность человека всту-
пать в отношения с внешней средой, быст-
ро адаптироваться и функционировать в
ней (1). Основы функциональной грамот-
ности закладываются в начальной школе,
где идет интенсивное обучение различным
видам речевой деятельности – письму и
чтению, говорению и слушанию. Одним из
главных путей формирования функцио-
нально – грамотной личности является вве-
дение детей через литературу в мир чело-
веческих отношений, нравственных ценно-
стей. Чтобы войти Казахстану в число 50-
ти наиболее конкурентоспособных стран
мира, необходимо воспитать и обучить
личности с такими функциональными ка-
чествами, как:
- инициативность,
- способность творчески мыслить и
находить нестандартные решения,
- умение выбирать профессиональ-
ный путь,
- готовность обучаться в течение
всей жизни (2).
Все данные функциональные навыки
формируются в условиях школы.
«Кто постигает новое, лелея старое,
тот может быть учителем», - так сказал
Конфуций. Из факторов, влияющих на раз-
витие функциональной грамотности уча-
щихся, необходимо выделить формы и ме-
тоды обучения, где особое внимание уде-
ляется формированию основ логического,
критического и конструктивного мышле-
ния, обеспечивающего умение учащихся
применять полученные знания в учебной и
практической деятельности.
В данной статье представлены мето-
ды и приемы развития критического мыш-
ления на уроках чтения, используемые ав-
тором в своей практической деятельности:
- чтение - суммирование в парах;
- синквейны;
- чтение с остановками;
- приём «Верите ли вы, что…»;
- мозговой штурм;
- таблица «Знаю, узнал, хочу узнать»;
- работа с вопросниками;
- написание творческих работ;
- создание викторины на основе изу-
ченного материала, кроссвордов;
- логическая цепочка;
- уголки;
- кластер (3).
Прием «Чтение – суммирование в
парах» можно использовать как для объяс-
нения нового материала, так и для закреп-
ления изученного. Лучше этот прием при-
менять в 3-4 классах. Детям в классе пред-
лагается несколько разных текстов по теме
(или один и тот же текст нескольким парам
учеников). Каждая группа изучает свой
текст, на большом листе фиксирует его
краткое содержание (выдержками из тек-
ста), затем перед всем классом воспроизво-
дит содержание текста с опорой на свои
пометки. Остальные могут задавать уточ-
няющие вопросы. После прослушивания
обоих текстов делается коллективный вы-
вод о главной мысли этих рассказов, чем
дополнило представление детей каждое из
произведений.
Приём «Инсерт». При работе с тек-
стом в данном приёме используется два
шага: чтение с пометками и заполнение
таблицы «Инсерт».
Шаг 1: Во время чтения текста уча-
щиеся делают на полях пометки: «V» – уже
знал; «+» – новое; « – » – думал иначе; «?»
– не понял, есть вопросы. При этом можно
использовать несколько вариантов поме-
ток: 2 значка «+» и «V», 3 значка «+», «V»,
«?», или 4 значка «+», «V», «–», «?». При-
чем, совсем не обязательно помечать каж-
дую строчку или каждую предлагаемую
идею. Прочитав один раз, обучающиеся
возвращаются к своим первоначальным
предположениям, вспоминают, что они
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знали или предполагали по данной теме
раньше, возможно, количество значков
увеличится.
Шаг 2: Заполнение таблицы «Ин-
серт», количество граф которой соответст-
вует числу значков маркировки:
«V»
«+»
«-»
Поставьте «v» (да)
на полях, если то,
что вы читаете, со-
ответствует тому,
что вы знаете, или
думали, что знаете.
Поставьте «+»
(плюс) на полях,
если то, что вы чи-
таете, является для
вас новым.
Поставьте «-» (ми-
нус) на полях, если
то, что вы читаете,
противоречит то-
му, что вы уже
знали, или думали,
что знаете.
Поставьте «?» на по-
лях, если то, что вы
читаете, непонятно,
или же вы хотели бы
получить более под-
робные сведения по
данному вопросу.
Приём «синквейн». В переводе с
французского слово «синквейн» означает
«пять». В данном случае, речь идёт о рабо-
те, состоящей из пяти этапов. Вот такое
пятистишие можно составить после изуче-
ния казахского героического эпоса «Пер-
вый поход Алпамыса»:
Алпамыс.
Сильный, мужественный.
Защищает, сражается, оберегает.
«Настоящий батыр познается в час испы-
таний».
Герой!
Можно создавать синквейны, переда-
вая их друг другу по кругу. Каждый пишет
свой синквейн, развивая мысли предыду-
щих авторов.
Интересный приём – «чтение с ос-
тановками». Материалом для его проведе-
ния служит повествовательный текст. В
начале стадии урока учащиеся по названию
текста определяют, о чём пойдёт речь в
произведении. На основной части урока
текст читается по частям. После чтения ка-
ждого фрагмента ученики высказывают
предположения о дальнейшем развитии
сюжета.
Схема реализации приема «Чтение с
остановками» выглядит следующим обра-
зом:
- рассказ учителя о своем личном
опыте знакомства с этим произведением
(не более 3-4 минут);
- обсуждение названия произведения.
Почему именно так называется произведе-
ние? Что может произойти в рассказе с та-
ким названием?
- основной этап: учитель заранее вы-
деляет в тексте 2-3 остановки – в зависимо-
сти от размера текста. Во время этих оста-
новок задаются вопросы, которые помога-
ют пробудить интерес к дальнейшему чте-
нию, вовлечь в работу различные стороны
мышления, проанализировать средства ху-
дожественного произведения. В работе с
вопросами используется классификацию
американского
психолога
Бенджамина
Блума. Выделяется шесть типов вопросов.
Простые вопросы. Отвечая на них,
нужно назвать какие-то факты, вспомнить,
воспроизвести некую информацию.
Уточняющие вопросы. Обычно они
начинаются со слов: «То есть ты говоришь,
что …?», «Если я правильно понял, то..?».
Такие вопросы нужны для предоставления
собеседнику обратной связи относительно
того что он только что сказал.
Объясняющие вопросы. Обычно на-
чинаются со слова «Почему?». Они на-
правлены на установление причинно-
следственных связей.
Творческие вопросы. Когда в вопросе
есть частица «бы», а в его формулировке
есть элементы условности, предположения,
фантазии, прогноза. «Что бы изменилось…,
если бы…?», «Как вы думаете, как будут
развиваться события дальше?»
Оценочные вопросы. Эти вопросы
направлены на выяснение критериев оцен-
ки тех или иных событий, явлений, фактов.
«Почему что-то хорошо, а что-то плохо?»,
«Чем один герой отличается от другого?»
Практические вопросы. Они направ-
лены на установление взаимосвязи между
теорией и практикой - «Как бы вы посту-
пили на месте героя?»
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Такая классификация помогает нау-
чить детей самостоятельно задавать вопро-
сы к тексту. Учащимся нравится формули-
ровать и записывать вопросы к произведе-
нию (на любом этапе работы). Данная ра-
бота проводится в парах, группах и инди-
видуально.
После первой или второй остановки
при работе с сюжетными текстами исполь-
зуется прием «Дерево предсказаний». На
стрелочках – линиях соединения – учащие-
ся записывают объяснения своим версиям;
таким образом они учатся аргументировать
свою точку зрения, связывать свои предпо-
ложения с данными текста. Тема, которая
записывается в «стволе», должна содер-
жать вопрос, адресованный в будущее, на-
пример, «Чем закончится рассказ?», «Спа-
сется ли главный герой?», «Почему маль-
чик Петя все падает и падает?» и другие.
Детям очень нравится составлять «дерево
предсказаний». При использовании данно-
го приема необходимо помнить следую-
щее: не стоит использовать прием больше
одного раза на уроке; все версии должны
быть аргументированы, основываясь на
предложенном тексте, а не на своих до-
мыслах, фантазиях; после прочтения текста
дети возвращаются к своим предположени-
ям и смотрят, какие из них сбылись, а ка-
кие нет, и почему.
Задача учителя - найти в тексте оп-
тимальные места для остановки. Данная
стратегия способствует выработке у уча-
щихся внимательного отношения к точке
зрения другого человека и спокойного от-
каза от своей, если она недостаточно аргу-
ментирована, или аргументы оказались не-
состоятельными.
Ещё один творческий приём – «Ве-
рите ли вы, что…». Класс делится на две
команды. Одна команда высказывает фан-
тазийные предположения, а другая анали-
зирует их.
К приему «Знаю, узнал, хочу узнать»
обращаюсь как на стадии объяснения ново-
го материала, так и на стадии закрепления.
Графа «Хочу узнать» дает повод к поиску
новой информации, работе с дополнитель-
ной литературой.
Для этого используется таблицу
« Знаю – хочу знать - узнал». Например,
при работе над рассказом Н. Носова
«Мишкина каша» ставятся следующие во-
просы учащимся:
Что вы знаете об этом писателе?
Что вы считаете нужным узнать?
Ответы вписываются в первые две
колонки таблицы.
Поработав в парах, ученики запол-
няют третью колонку таблицы. Идет обсу-
ждение: совпало ли первоначальное пред-
ставление с последующим.
Знаю
Автор рассказов «Живая шляпа»,
«Фантазеры», «Огурцы», «Заплатка»…
Его герои попадают в смешные, ино-
гда нелепые ситуации.
Хочу знать
Биографию.
Прочитать новый рассказ Н. Носова
«Мишкина каша».
Узнал
Н. Носов - автор рассказа «Мишкина
каша».
Рассказ Н. Носова о дружбе, друзьях,
совместных делах и развлечениях, о люби-
мых.
Данный прием позволяет учащимся
определить цель изучения и основную
мысль рассказа. Дети говорят о том, что
автор предлагает взглянуть на себя со сто-
роны, чтобы не оказаться в смешной си-
туации.
Следующий приём - «Мозговой
штурм» - позволяет не только активизиро-
вать младших школьников и помогает раз-
решить проблему, но также и формирует
нестандартное мышление. Такая методика
не ставит ребёнка в рамки правильных и
неправильных ответов. Ученики могут вы-
сказывать любое мнение, которое поможет
найти выход из затруднительной ситуации.
Прием «Уголки» можно использовать
на уроках литературного чтения при со-
ставлении характеристики одного из героев
какого-либо произведения. Класс делится
на две группы. Одна группа готовит дока-
зательства (используя текст и свой жизнен-
ный опыт) положительных качеств героя.
Другая - об отрицательных, подкрепляя
свой ответ выдержками из текста. Данный
прием используется после чтения всего
произведения. В конце урока делается со-
вместный вывод. Такой прием учит детей
диалогу, культуре общения.
ВОПРОСЫ ПРЕПОДАВАНИЯ ЯЗЫКОВ
Вестник КАСУ
107
Прием «Написание творческих ра-
бот» хорошо зарекомендовал себя на этапе
закрепления изученной темы. Например,
детям предлагается написать продолжение
понравившегося произведения из раздела
или самому написать сказку или стихотво-
рение. Эта работа выполняется детьми в
зависимости от их уровня развития, все с
удовольствием делают эту работу. Прием,
позволяющий высказать свою точку зрения
на человека – написание писем, эссе, очер-
ков на основе интервью. Учащиеся пишут
письма старухе из «Сказки о рыбаке и рыб-
ке» А.С. Пушкина на основе пословиц:
«Много захочешь – последнее потеряешь»,
«Много желать – добра не видать»; эссе
«Зачем Леонид Андреев рассказал нам ис-
торию Кусаки?»; берут интервью у взрос-
лых на основе пословицы «Упорство и
труд все перетрут» после прочтения сказки
Д. Биссета «Кузнечик Денди».
К приему «Создание викторины» об-
ращаюсь после изучения темы или не-
скольких тем. Дети самостоятельно, поль-
зуясь учебными текстами, готовят вопросы
для викторины, потом объединяются в
группы, и проводится соревнование. Ино-
гда каждая группа выбирает лучшего –
«знатока», а потом весь класс задаёт «зна-
токам» вопросы.
«Логическая цепочка». После текста
учащимся предлагается построить события
в логической последовательности. Данная
стратегия помогает при пересказе текстов.
Еще один из приемов – это кластер
(«гроздь»), суть которого в выделении
смысловых единиц текста и графическом
их оформлении в определенном порядке в
виде грозди. Использовать этот прием
можно на всех этапах урока: на стадии вы-
зова, осмысления, рефлексии или в качест-
ве стратегии урока в целом.
«Грозди» - графический прием сис-
тематизации материала. Правила его при-
менения очень просты. Выделяем центр –
это тема, от неё отходят лучи – крупные
смысловые единицы, а от них соответст-
вующие термины и понятия. Многие учи-
теля сравнивают этот приём с моделью
солнечной системы.
Система кластеров охватывает боль-
шее количество информации, чем учащиеся
получают при обычной письменной работе.
Организуя работу с младшими
школьниками, можно предложить им оза-
главить смысловые блоки или дать готовые
вопросы. Достаточно 2-3 раза провести по-
добную работу, чтобы этот приём стал тех-
нологичным. Ученики с удовольствием ис-
пользуют кластеры.
При сравнении двух произведений
использую прием «Пересекающиеся ок-
ружности». Учащиеся вписывают в части
круга выводы о сходстве и различии произ-
ведений.
Диаманта – это стихотворная форма
из семи строк, первая и последняя из кото-
рых – понятия с противоположным значе-
нием:
строчка 1 - тема (существительное);
строчка 2 - определение (2 прилага-
тельных);
строчка 3 - действие (3 причастия);
строчка 4 - ассоциации (4 существи-
тельных);
строчка 5 - действие (3 причастия);
строчка 6 - определение (2 прилага-
тельных);
строчка 7 - тема (существительное,
противоположное по смыслу существи-
тельному из первой строки).
ВОПРОСЫ ПРЕПОДАВАНИЯ ЯЗЫКОВ
Вестник КАСУ
108
Литературное чтение, А. Чехов
«Ванька»
Чтение учащимися - диамант.
ВАНЬКА
несчастье
грязный, голодный
измученный, загнанный, уставший
горе, неудача, нужда, безысходность
ожидающий, мечтающий, надеющийся
сытый, удовлетворённый
счастье
Применение данных приемов на уро-
ках чтения позволяет получить хороший
результат, поскольку используются разные
источники информации, задействованы
различные виды памяти и восприятия.
Письменное фиксирование информации
позволяет лучше запоминать изученный
материал. Работая с текстом таким обра-
зом, дети могут выделить нужную инфор-
мацию, составить текст самостоятельно,
доказать свою точку зрения.
Надеемся, что систематическое ис-
пользование вышеперечисленных приёмов
и заданий поможет ребятам стать функ-
ционально грамотными людьми, способ-
ными максимально быстро адаптироваться
в окружающей среде и успешно функцио-
нировать в ней.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. Национальный план развития функцио-
нальной грамотности школьников на
2012-2016 годы, утвержденный поста-
новлением Правительства РК от 25 июня
2012 г. №832.
2. Послание Президента РК Н. Назарбаева
народу Казахстана «Стратегия «Казах-
стан-2050»: новый политический курс
состоявшегося государства».
3. Бахарева С. Развитие критического
мышления через чтение и письмо. Учеб-
но-методическое пособие. – Новоси-
бирск, 2005.
4. Загашев И.О., Заир-Бек С.И., Муштавин-
ская И.В. Учим детей мыслить критиче-
ски. - СПБ: Альянс «Дельта», 2003.
УДК 070.1: 811.111
ВНЕУРОЧНАЯ РАБОТА ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ –
ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ФАКТОР УСВОЕНИЯ УЧЕБНОГО МАТЕРИАЛА В
УСЛОВИЯХ ПОЛИЯЗЫЧИЯ
Уябаева А.К.
Вряд ли стоит доказывать необходи-
мость и важность внеклассной работы по
иностранному языку. Справедливо отмеча-
ется, что авторитет предмета, престиж ино-
странного языка находятся в непосредст-
венной зависимости от качества внекласс-
ной работы в профессиональных учебных
заведениях.
Внеурочной работой называются
различные виды деятельности студентов
воспитательного и образовательного харак-
тера, организуемые и проводимые коллед-
жем во внеурочное время.
В преподавании всех предметов вне-
урочная работа занимает важное место и
проводится в соответствии со спецификой
каждого предмета.
Она решает две главные задачи: во-
первых, развитие интереса, углубление
знаний, совершенствование навыков и
умений по данному предмету; во-вторых,
организация свободного времени студентов
с целью их общего развития, трудового,
нравственного и эстетического воспитания.
На данный момент эта тема актуаль-
на, так как одной из национальных целей
образования Республики Казахстан являет-
ся трехъязычие, то есть каждый образован-
ный человек должен владеть тремя языка-
ми – казахским, русским и английским.
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