МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНАЯ КОММУНИКАЦИЯ И ПРАКТИКА ПЕРЕВОДА
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манеры говорить, паралингвистики, языка
жестов. В целом социолингвистический
параметр подразумевает адекватность вы-
сказываний ситуации общения.
Изучающий иностранный язык также
должен обладать социокультурной компе-
тенцией – готовностью и способностью к
ведению диалога культур, что подразуме-
вает знание культурных реалий родного
языка и изучаемого языка и умение реали-
зовать это знание в «живом» общении.
Следует заметить, что в действующей ныне
парадигме термин «социокультурная» час-
то заменяется термином «межкультурная».
В составе межкультурной компетенции
выделяется умение распознавать и пони-
мать смысловые ориентиры другого лин-
гвосоциума, умение справляться с неясны-
ми моментами в речи носителей языка, а
также наличие умений и навыков межкуль-
турного диалога [5].
Для достижения максимального ре-
зультата в общении коммуникант должен
быть способен использовать вербальные и
невербальные стратегии для компенсации
пробелов в знании иноязычного кода – то
есть обладать стратегической компетенци-
ей.
И, наконец, для грамотного решения
задач общения профессионалу необходима
дискурсивная компетенция – умение поро-
ждать связные иноязычные высказывания,
логично, последовательно и убедительно
выстраивать свою речь, правильно упот-
ребляя лексико-грамматические и фонети-
ческие языковые средства.
Солидаризируясь с мнением В.В.
Сафоновой, иноязычная компетенция рас-
сматривается нами как «определенный
уровень владения языковыми, речевыми,
социокультурными знаниями, умениями и
навыками, позволяющий коммуникативно
приемлемо и целесообразно варьировать
свое речевое поведение в зависимости от
психологических факторов одноязычного
или двуязычного общения».
Развитие иноязычной компетенции
является одной из основных задач воспита-
ния полноценной языковой личности в со-
временных условиях образовательного
пространства
Казахстана.
Иноязычная
компетенция не просто совокупность зна-
ний, умений, навыков, являясь результатом
образовательного процесса, она отражает
взаимодействие иноязычных знаний, уме-
ний и ценностных отношений личности.
Как процесс развития иноязычная компе-
тенция являет собой смену состояний лич-
ности в многоуровневой образовательной
системе. В соответствии со структурой об-
разовательных компетенций Хуторского
А.В. (рис. 1), иноязычная компетенция яв-
ляется тождественной коммуникативной
компетенции, входящей в число ключевых
компетенций. Иноязычная компетенция
отражает
сущностные
характеристики
коммуникативной компетенции, под кото-
рой понимается способность соотносить
языковые средства с определенными си-
туациями, областями и проблемами обще-
ния. Развитие иноязычной компетенции
является одной из частных задач, в ходе
решения которой необходимо воспитать
личность, обеспечить условия для развития
иноязычных профессионально значимых
умений, приобщить к общемировым куль-
турным ценностям.
Рассматривая иноязычную компе-
тенцию изучающих иностранный язык как
социально-педагогическую систему, Саха-
рова Н.С. выделяет следующие её сущно-
стные характеристики:
- открытая (взаимодействие с окру-
жающей средой);
- динамическая (развитие и измене-
ние во времени);
- целенаправленная;
- антропоцентричная (субъект - субъ-
ектные и субъект-объектные отношения);
-ценностная (по типу механизма, ре-
гулирующего построение интегративной
структуры целей);
- нелинейная (способы обратной свя-
зи внутри системы);
- сложная (по уровню сложности);
- самоуправляемая.
Исходя из методологического осно-
вания развития иноязычной компетенции и
особенностей формирования данной ком-
петенции, выделены основные компоненты
исследуемой компетенции: учебный, язы-
ковой (лингвистический), речевой ино-
язычный, мотивационный, социо - куль-
турный, компенсаторный, профессиональ-
но-ориентированный,
самообразователь-
ный. Опираясь на структуру иноязычной
МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНАЯ КОММУНИКАЦИЯ И ПРАКТИКА ПЕРЕВОДА
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компетенции, считаем возможным, в соот-
ветствии с целями и задачами нашей рабо-
ты, объединить рассмотренные компонен-
ты исследуемой компетенции в три блока:
социолингвистический, включающий в се-
бя речевой иноязычный, социокультурный,
компенсаторный компоненты; когнитив-
ный (языковой (лингвистический), учеб-
ный, самообразовательный и профессио-
нально ориентированный компоненты);
мотивационный.
Теоретический
поиск
позволил
сформулировать следующие выводы. В ус-
ловиях рыночных отношений одним из
важнейших критериев профессионализма
специалиста является обладание иноязыч-
ной компетенцией. Языковое образование
должно не только предоставлять условия
для фундаментальной подготовки обучае-
мых, но и стимулировать развитие их твор-
ческого мышления. В динамике современ-
ных, постоянно меняющихся реалий вос-
требованности специалистов со знанием
иностранных языков позволяет судить о
качестве подготовки специалистов в том
или ином учебном заведении, выступая од-
ной из основных характеристик эффектив-
ной деятельности учебного заведения.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. Андреев А. Знания или компетенции? //
Высшее образование в России. 2005. №
2. С. 3 – 11.
2. Angela Stoof, Rob L. Martens, Jeroen J.G.
van Merrienboer. Что есть компетенция?
Конструктивистский подход как выход
из замешательства (перевод с английско-
го Е. Орел). Open University of the Nether-
lands, 12 мая, 2004.
3. Keen K. Competence: What is it and how
can it be developed? In J. Lowyck, P. de
Potter, & J. Elen (Eds.), Instructional De-
sign: Implementation Issues (111 – 122).
Brussels: IBM Education Center, 1992.
4. Современные языки: Изучение, препода-
вание, оценка // Общеевропейские ком-
петенции владения иностранным язы-
ком. – Страсбург, 1996.
5. Гальскова Н. Д. Межкультурное обуче-
ние: проблема целей и содержания обу-
чения иностранным языкам // ИЯ в шко-
ле. 2004. № 1.
6. Зимняя И. А. Ключевые компетенции –
новая парадигма результата образования
// Высшее образование сегодня. 2003.
ВОПРОСЫ ПРЕПОДАВАНИЯ ЯЗЫКОВ
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УДК 811.512.161
USE OF TURKISH DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES BY RUSSIAN
LEARNERS. DIFFICULTIES AND ERRORS
Melnikova T.
It is a fact that each language has its
own system. That's why, it is inevitable to
make mistakes while learning a foreign lan-
guage. Turkish relative clause structure is one
of the most common obstacles that Russian
students face while learning the language as it
differs from Russian in many aspects. In this
respect, the aim of this study is to reveal the
most problematic points and to determine the
possible reasons for those problems.
Learning a foreign language is a dy-
namic process which is influenced by many
factors such as the structure of the target lan-
guage, similarities and differences between the
target language and the first language of the
learner [1]. With this respect, it is inevitable
that all learners make mistakes and commit
errors. However, that process can be impeded
through realizing the errors and operating on
them according to the feedback given. Accord-
ing to Ellis [5], there are three reasons for fo-
cusing on errors. First, they are conspicuous
feature of learner language as they raise the
important question of "Why do learners make
errors?" Second, it is useful for teachers to
know what errors learners make. Third, it is
possible that making errors may help learners
to learn when they self-correct the errors they
make. If the mistakes and errors of language
learners in constructing the new language sys-
tem are analyzed carefully, teaching proce-
dures can be assessed in the light of what is
expected to be accomplished in the classroom
[9].
While analyzing the errors, it is essen-
tial to ask for the sources of them. As each
language has its own system, the sources of
errors can be categorized within two domains:
(i) interlingual transfer, which is caused by the
learner's first language, and (ii) intralingua
transfer, which results from faulty or partial
learning of the target language [5].From this
point of view, acquisition of relative clause
structure has been one of the research points in
many ways as languages vary in whether they
have relative clauses or not.
When learners of Turkish begin to ac-
quire relative clauses, they typically begin
with the first type [5]. As the structure of
Turkish influences the process of learning,
many studies on this matter have been carried
out in different countries. Learners of Turkish
as a second or foreign language produce a se-
quence in order to learn relative clauses due to
its structural characteristics [15].
This study was carried out with 124-
year-students of university who completed a
preparatory class. In choosing the participants,
it was taken into consideration that students
are the native speakers of Russian and inter-
mediate level learners of Turkish as the use of
relative clauses and distinguishing between
defining and non-defining relative clauses re-
quire some background knowledge of Turkish
language structure. When this study was car-
ried out, the students had already studied the
grammar topic and they were supposed to be
able to make use of it.
There are two main types of defining
relative clauses in Turkish. They are formed
with the help of the adding the suffixes to the
verbs and required endings. If you want to
characterize the doer of an action you will use
– an or – en suffixes, and you will add them
according the harmony rule. If you want to
characterize the object then you use -dığı, -
diği suffixes and a required suffix that shows
the gender.
Let us see the examples:
- Я вижу ребенка, который бежит
‘который бежит’ is a relative clause in
Russian. It shows that we use additional words
to form such sentences (not always necessary).
In this sentences it is the conjunction ‘кото-
рый.
- Koşan çocuğu görüyorum.
‘Koşan’ is considered a relative clause
in this sentence. As we can see there is only a
verb here to form the clause. Koşmak means
to run. The suffix –an has the meaning ‘who’.
Another example:
- Когда я вошел в комнату, женщина,
которая читала книгу, улыбнулась.
‘которая читала книгу’ is a relative
ВОПРОСЫ ПРЕПОДАВАНИЯ ЯЗЫКОВ
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clause. It is the Past Tense in this sentence.
- Odaya girdiğim zaman kitap okuyan
kadın güldü.
‘kitap okuyan’ is a relative clause.
İt should be noted that in Turkish there
is no tense in relative clauses like these shown
above. We can define the tense only when we
read the whole sentence to the end. But in
Russian we can do it at once.
This kind of relative clause is used
when we characterize the doer of an action. It
is the child who is running not me, or it is the
woman who smiled not me.
But when we characterize the object we
use another suffix. Let us see the examples:
- Ваза, которую я купила на прошлой
неделе, разбилась.
‘которую я купила на прошлой неде-
ле’ is a relative clause.
- Geçen hafta satın aldığım vazo kırıldı.
‘Geçen hafta satın aldığım’ is a clause.
It is me who bought the vase, but it is the vase
I am talking about.
Another example:
- Ты нашел кольцо, которое потерял
в прошлый раз?
‘которое потерял в прошлый раз’ is a
defining relative clause.
- Geçen sefer kaybettiğin yüzüğünü
buldun mu?
‘Geçen sefer kaybettiğin’ is a clause.
When students use these relative clauses
in their speech they often make mistakes. It
happens because Russian and Turkish are
completely different languages.
In order to see these errors, the exam
papers of the students which include questions
related to use of relative clauses were col-
lected and their answers were checked. There
were eight questions related to the relative
clauses in the midterm and four of them were
answered by half of the class, and the other
four questions were answered by the other
half. The aim and the characteristics of the
questions in both parts were the same. Fur-
thermore, a quiz prepared especially for the
purpose of this study was distributed to the
students. This quiz consisted of three parts: the
first part included the fill-in-the blanks ques-
tions, of which aim was to find out whether
the students were able to make use of relative
clauses properly and which relative pronouns
they would prefer commonly when there was
more than one correct option.
In the second part, the students were
asked to combine sentences using relative
clauses. The aim of this part was to find out
whether they were able to combine the sen-
tences keeping in mind that defining and non-
defining relative clauses have differences in
terms of both their functions and punctuation.
In the third part, the students were asked
to translate the sentences with relative clauses
into Russian. The purpose of this part was to
show that in Turkish relative clauses there are
no distinctions between tenses.
The focus of the data analysis was on
finding out the reasons for errors in distin-
guishing between two relative clauses and the
effect of Russian on those errors. In determin-
ing the errors, the errors that were out of the
scope of this study were ignored.
The incorrect answers provided within
the study reflect the common errors made by
the majority of the class. Sentences were clas-
sified according to the type of the errors made.
The majority was counted according to the
frequency of the students who made the simi-
lar mistakes, and their percentages were calcu-
lated.
The results of the survey were shown in
the tables.
It is always very important to follow the
fixed word order in Turkish sentences.
Table 1. Findings related to the errors concerning the sentence structure
Item
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Number of students who answered
correctly
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
The number of students who made
mistakes
4
3
3
4
3
3
6
The percentage of the students who
made errors (%)
33
25
25
33
25
25
50
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Table 1 shows that quite a lot of the
students have problems with the word order.
In the first sentence 33%, in the second one
25%, in the fourth one 25%, in the fifth one
25%, and in the sixth one 25% of them did not
place the clause before the defined noun. Stu-
dents also did not consider the fact that the
meaning of the sentence does not change when
that clause is taken out of the sentence. From
these examples, we can interpret that it is dif-
ficult for students to remember and understand
that in Turkish relative clauses are always put
just before the word which is being character-
ized. Moreover, they make mistakes in the
structure of relative clauses themselves. They
forget about the fixed word order.
It also should be taken into considera-
tion that these is no tense distinction in clauses
which are formed with the help of ending –an/
en.
Table 2. Statistical findings related to the errors concerning the tenses.
Item
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Number of students who answered correctly
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
The number of students who made mistakes
2
2
1
2
2
3
1
The percentage of the students who made errors (%)
16
16
8
16
16
24
8
It is seen in table 2 that not so many
students have problems with tenses. Only
some of them failed to define the tense as it is
clearly seen from the sentence. So, we can
conclude that it is not so difficult for them to
define the tense of a relative clause.
Errors related to the use of another suf-
fix ‘–dik’ are presented below. It was seen that
the students almost forgot about the ending
after this suffix. Moreover, they confuse the
use of this suffix with the suffix –an. The re-
sults are shown below.
Table 3. Statistical findings related to the use of two types of suffixes and endings.
Item
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Number of students who answered correctly
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
The number of students who made mistakes
7
6
8
5
8
9
4
The percentage of the students who made errors (%)
58
50
67
42
67
75
33
We can see that the vast majority of
students made mistakes when recognizing and
using the suffix. This -dik suffix is often diffi-
cult to recognize as it has so many forms due
to Vowel Harmony operating in its internal
vowel, and Consonant Mutation operating on
both the initial -dand the terminal –k. The -
dik, -duk, -dık, -dük - Participle is subject to
both Vowel Harmony and Consonant Muta-
tion Rules. .So you can find -tik, -tuk, -tık, -
tük. If a further suffix with a vowel is added
the the final -k is also subject to Consonant
Mutation: -diği, -duğu, -dığı, -düğü or -tiği, -
tuğu, -tığı, -tüğü.
For example:
bulmak - to find – Bulduğum şapka -
The hat which I found.
seçmek - to choose – Seçtiğin kitap -
The book that you are choosing/ chose
görmek - to see – Gördüğü araba - The
car that he sees/saw
Mostly the students make mistakes con-
cerning this suffix when translating sentences.
They either use another suffix or a wrong end-
ing. For example:
Correct sentence
Mistake
Geçen ay yazdığın mektupu sadece
şimdi aldım. – письмо, которое ты написал в
прошлом месяце, я получила только что.
Geçen ay yazanmektupu sadece şimdi
aldım. – But it is not the letter that was the
doer of the action. It was you who wrote it.
Şeron ve Tom’un gece geçirdikleri
araba çok büyük ve rahat oldu. – машина, в
которой Шерон и Том провели ночь, была
очень большая и удобная.
Şeron ve Tom’un gece geçiren araba
çok büyük ve rahat oldu.
ВОПРОСЫ ПРЕПОДАВАНИЯ ЯЗЫКОВ
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When students were asked to combine
sentences using relative clauses, they some-
times failed to place the relative clause in the
sentence correctly. Besides, when translating
sentences from Turkish into Russian the stu-
dents could not understand clearly what was
stated in the sentences with relative clauses.
As a result of this study, it has been
found out that the main reasons for the errors
in using Turkish relative clause system were
concerning the complexity of the subject due
to the fact that Russian does not have the same
relative clause system as in Turkish. The in-
fluence of the first language brings many other
problems such as errors in word order, errors
in choice of suffixes, errors in defining the
doer of an action, errors in the meaning of
clauses , errors in translation, etc.
Teachers of Turkish can benefit from
these findings in many ways. The common
errors show the way to be treated when their
sources are identified correctly. The errors tell
the teachers how far towards the goal the
learners have progressed and what remains for
them to learn [3]. Following the students' pro-
gress, the teachers are able to carry on their
studies in accordance with what the learner
needs to know and what part of the teaching
strategy to change or reconstruct.
Classifying the sources of errors in the
use of relative clauses will provide the teacher
with an approach or a plan for an order in the
process of using the relative clause system
appropriately. Therefore, errors are a means of
feedback for the teachers reflecting how effec-
tive they are in their teaching style and what
changes they have to make to get higher per-
formance from their students.
Additionally, it is clear from the find-
ings that it is of crucial importance to draw the
attention of the students to the structural and
semantic differences between the two lan-
guages.
Keeping the influence of the first lan-
guage and the linguistic structure of the target
language in mind, problems can be coped with
the collective study of the teachers and the
students.
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