References
1 Florensky N.A. U of thought watersheds. - T.2. – M, 1990. – 367 p.
2 Axes of V.N. Enlightenment and text//Text: semiotics and structure. M, Science, 1983. –227-283 p.
3 Ilyin N.A. Way of spiritual updating.//Way to evidence. - M, 1993. –35-93p.
4 www.kudryawzew@ru
5 Gumilev L.N. Ethnosphere: history of people and history of the nature. - SPb: LLC «Prod. House Kristall», 2003. – 389 p.
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Личман Елена Юрьевна. «Дала» әдебиет пен көркемөнер туындысының көркемдік кеңістігі ретінде.
Мақалада «көркемдік кеңістік» категориясы ретінде әдебиеттің және кескіндеме суреттерінің туындылары
қарастырылады. Автор «Дала» концептісі жан-жақты феномен ретінде (іс-әрекеттің орны, өмірге көзқарас, суреттің
кеңістіктегі маңызды бейнесі, негізгі әлеуметтік-этникалық және көркем-эстетикалық доминанты) ұсынылатынын
анықтаған. Дала бейнесімен бірге әдебиеттің және кескіндеме туындыларын, кеңістік-уақыттық қарым-қатынастар
моделін суретшінің идеясымен көрсетеді.
Түйін сөздер: көркемдік кеңістік, дала, әдебиет, кескіңдеме, өнер туындылары.
Lichman Yеlena Yuriewna. «Steppe» as an artistic space of pieces of literature and painting works.
«Artistic space» category in pieces of literature and easel painting is considered in the article. The author detects that «Steppe»
concept represents diversified phenomenon (scene, symbol of world perception, significant image in space of the picture, basic
social-ethnic and artistic-esthetic dominant). With the help of image of the steppe in pieces of literature and easel painting spacial-
temporal relations are being modeled, which reflect representations of the artist about the reality.
Keywords: art space; steppe; literature; easel painting; works of art.
Поступила в редакцию 03.03.2016.
УДК 75. 04 (574)
Y.Y. LICHMAN
Pavlodar State Pedagogical Institute, Pavlodar
SIGN AND SYMBOLICAL SYSTEM AS BASIS OF TRADITIONAL ART OF KAZAKHSTAN
Essence of definitions of “symbol” and “sign” is being uncovered in this article; analysis of common semantic structure of a
symbol is conducted. Analysis of symbols and signs, forming traditional Kazakh culture is conducted in the article. The authors
concludes that imaginary-signed form possesses wide specter of meaning, reflecting the world in unity of sensitive, emotional and
rational; conscious and unconscious; common, special and unique. specifics of art is in the fact that it attracts different languages
of culture into its sphere, selects their semiotic means, and develops their expressive abilities.
Key words: symbol, sign, traditional art of Kazakhstan.
In material monuments of ancient time – on buildings, headstones, material things, clothes, etc., on rocks and
separate stones one can meet schematic pictures, often not being images of elements of human beings settlement,
perceptible in domestic aspect, i.e. they do not picture and subjects or creatures. Such signs appeared in prehistorical
time and existed in folk decorative art until the beginning of the XXth century. Repeating during millennia, transferring
from one folk to another, these graphemes show remarkable resilience in forms of their contours and in the fact of
their existence. These images, which usually looked as ornamental décor, present symbols, possessing semantic
meaning, ideograms, being prewritten way of fixation of some definitions and presentations.
Part of researchers interprets ancient pictures in naïve and rational way. For example, image of horses proves
(in their point of view) development of horse-breeding, lamb horns – about small cattle, boats – about sailing and
fishing, etc. Although interpretation of cult realia by elementary-practical definitions gives just illusive decision of
the problem.
For understanding of meaning of unknown signs it is not enough to rely on mass opinions. Therefore a researcher
must not make conclusion from a fact of similarity of an object with abstract image with one or another object, which
usually leads to its wrong interpretation.
Subjectivity in interpretation of ancient images leads to skepticism in possibility to resolve its semantics.
Nevertheless undertaken actions of researchers led to certain results and let continue work in the given area with
optimism.
Reconstruction of semantics in some signs is presented based on systematical suppositions, which may be
interpreted as a foundation of theory of signs, that is:
1) possible classification features of signs – their typology;
2) symbolical, signed meaning of colors in traditional Turkic culture;
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3) meaning of different imaginary symbols.
As an example, illustrating areas of reconstruction of meanings of signs, analysis of Andronovo ornaments may
serve, as a composition of ancient autochthonous culture, existed on the territory of modern Kazakhstan.
According to several authoritative scientists “art of thinking in images” is a fundamental basis of creative thinking
and actions [1]. Acquiring knowledge from “endless source of myths and symbols” (V. Bauer) creative personality
acquires force and wish to realize and transform surrounding world. For comfortable work scientists try to join some
signs into groups for a long time. There are several principles according to which signs are joined into groups. The
first one is culturological. For example, V. Bauer, I. Dumots and S. Golovin highlight main groups of signs connected
with creation and development of European culture. These are ancient symbols, symbols of Indian mythology,
symbols and mythology of Ancient Greeks, symbols of Christianity, symbols of fairy tales, astrological symbols,
and symbols of alchemy, symbols of tarot cards and symbols of everyday life [2]. As it is clear from list of group of
symbols, they are all grouped in free order and reflect subjective opinion of authors of the classification, rather than
logically stipulated scheme.
Comparative-historical principle can be named the second principle of signs. Its essence is that similar graphic
signs, belonging to different cultures and epochs, combine into groups and reconstruct their primary meaning. The
brightest representatives of this direction in Russian sources are A. Golan [1] and O. Suleimenov [3].
The third principle of joining the signs arise to psychoanalysis of S. Freud and analytical psychology of C. Jung
and reflects specifics of work of special areas of human psychic, particularly, as so called “collective unconscious”
(term of C. Jung). The most famous example of this principle of joining of symbols is “symbols of repressed sexuality”
of S. Freud and archetypes of C. Jung. There are also other classification systems, for example, mythological one.
Supporters of the given direction believe that in this case information is being transmitted of cosmological or religious
sense, as it possesses the main meaning. Chains of signs are considered as peculiar texts. Representatives of the idea,
presented above, are J. Frazer and V. Toporov [4, 32].
For the aims of the given research the most productive principle is the second one – “comparative-historical”.
Its basic statements lead to the idea, that ancient signs possess the following groups of meanings, i.e.: 1. Sketches
of cult content; 2. Images of happenings, objects of nature; 3. Totem (animalistic world); 4. Signs of property;
5.Grapheme; 6.Images of cosmic happenings and objects; 7.Color; 8.Space. During time their meaning was lost, and
they transformed into signs. When primary meanings of these graphemes were lost, these images continued to be
used as necessary, although ancient people didn’t quiet realized what the purpose of their use was. Serving as signals,
inducing positive reflex of esthetic sense, they continued to be perceived and used as decoration.
Detection of semantics of ancient symbols is possible anyway. Its detection helps to deep into the world of
specifics of thinking of deep ancient time. Research of cult symbols, formed thousands of years ago, shows that people
of that time, living under conditions of not comfortable surrounding and primitive devices, possessed comparatively
developed worldview, although it was expressed in mythological form. Monuments of oral creativity of ancient time
such as Bible, Veda or Legends of Gilgamesh, testify about this fact.
Cult symbolic is rather steady element of culture. Customs, cloths and other forms of material culture change, but
symbols are preserved during millennia, experiencing just a slight transformation, sometimes remaining without it at
all. Under circumstances of vast steadiness of domestic way of life during time, preceding becoming of civilization,
these motives were traditionally transmitted and carefully performed from generation to generation. Thus, as it is
noticed by researcher of ornament S. Ivanov, “folk ornament represents rather steady element of artistic culture,
preserved during many centuries and even millennia” [3, 23]. Even under cult-ideological changes ancient symbols
performed noticeable stability. Pagan symbolic remained, for example, among Eastern Slavs and Dagestanis until the
XIXth century, despite centuries of domination of Christian and Muslim religions.
Steadiness of religious-ideological presentations and connected with them symbolic is quiet comparative.
Diffusion of customs and ideas, “cultural invasions” and “cultural mixes” took place. Considering the fact that
decorative and symbolical forms were influenced by cultural influences, primary features could be distinguished in
research of ornament.
Pictures of different folks in a natural way were similar, when visually perceived objects were pictured, while
resemblance in abstract pictures requires another explanation. Elementary, simple graphic figures may be similar with
no purpose; however, it could have been the truth in more complicated pictures.
Difficulty of structure of many graphemes shows impossibility of their independent repeated emergence.
Considered by O. Suleimenov sign of “circle with a dot in the center” may serve as an example. Transformation of
graphemes of the given sign and its meaning are tightly linked with cult of the Sun among different ancient folks,
considered by the author in wide temporary and geographical areal [5, 112].
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Existence and degree of prevalence of some ornamental motives in signs of decorative art of a folk may symbolize
about their ancestors and ethnocultural links during epoch of their prehistory. In cult symbolic ancient layers of
spiritual culture of the given ethnic group is imprinted.
Worldview and perception of world of autochthones of the Great Steppe gained implementation in Tengrian image
of the world, which is characterized by cooperation and indivisibility of cultural forms of signed content (dance,
signing, and fine art). Initially borders between hypostasis of culture are not detected. Once found it is performed
in all morphogenesis of cultural happening. First detached cultural forms (myth, religion, culture) content more
similarities, than differences. Constructive carcass in them creates unity of all, what in later historical time is stood
apart into customs and rituals, word (poetry, literature) and art (types of art), philosophy, science, medicine, law,
moral, etc. It is likely that initially they were not realized as clearly distinctive formations (myth from religion). These
signed happenings of reality by language of artistic images tell about history of everyday life and culture of ancient
people. Signedness in this case is a way of expression in art of an attitude to the world and surrounding things.
Lively important for a human being processes of hunting, labor and emergence and development of crafts were
accompanied by magic ritual actions. On the basis of the initial (sympathetic) magic ancient religious believes
emerged – totemism, animism, shamanism, etc. Rituals and/or ritual practice, linked with these beliefs, as any
other signed system (for example, language, art, music, dance, etc.) possesses its own construction. Complicated
semantic structures, as a rule, possessing axiological meaning for society, fix on several layers and code by different
ways, usually dubbed in several rituals. All significant life events gained their sense through assimilation of act of
cosmogony and world creation.
Image of the world of Kazakhs is syncretic, its wholeness lies in polifunctionality, and a real world and subjective
reality are exposed to specific idealization, sacralized. “In presentations of nomads realias of surrounded world –
plants, birds and animals – are all vested transcendental power, being a carrier of certain functions and features,
possessed certain function, implementing in it a support and spirit, high believe in batyrs, speakers, wise men and
poets” [6, 412].
Tengrianity is an ancient religion, existed until undertaken of Islam, Buddhism or Christianity. It was founded on
cult of cosmic god Tengri. Tengri means Sky or god of Sky, which was the main god for Turks and Mongols of the
Great Steppe. Etymology of the word Tengri is studied, but is still questioned. In modern historical, linguistic and
other sources, it is highlighted that Tengri or Tengir was known among Shumers under the name of Dingir, and the
root of the word (Ten) means Equal + (ir) is a formant of the present and future tense, possessing in total meaning
“being in the center” [7, 18]. This equality highlights the greatest property of the Lord is his equal relationship to
everyone and everything… The Sun, the Moon, stars, the Sky, water, air are gifted and available to everyone in an
equal proportion [8, 47]. Tengrian act of creation of the world in ancient Turkic mythology is pictured in famous
inscription dedicated to Kul-tegin: “When the blue sky (tengri) was created above, brown ground below, human sons
were created between them”.
In tengrian picture of the world pantheon of gods of Nature was created, among which the greatest was the god
of the Sky – Tengri. In presentations of Turks he is an installer of order of the world, protector, the axe of creation of
the world. The highest goddess Umai – protector of home and children – relates to upper world of gods. In the middle
world the main god is – Jer-Su (ground-water), protector of cattle and sources of water, protects Turks and observes
changes of seasons. The host of the lower world is Erklig (Erlik), is opposed to higher world, a god of death. Except
gods of upper, middle and lower world, land, water, forest, mountains and caves were inhabited by spirits, who was
needed to propitiate with sacrifices.
Accenting archetypical (deeply meaningful) basics for Kazakh tengrianity, it is necessary to pay attention firstly
to authentic universal “kok”, synonym of definition “tanir”. Strictly speaking, full name of Tengri is the god made of
the light, being a father and a mother of human gene KokMangiTaniri (Infinite Blue Sky) [9, 169].
For tengrianitytriform organization of the Universe is charactered, in every part of which gods and spirits live [8,
8]. Tengri, as the main god, is omnipresent. He exists everywhere: in the sky, in the air, in natural happenings and
objects. He orders the Space, preserves Harmony, in which such binary oppositions take place: up-down, good-evil,
male-female, life-dead, etc. All of this possesses soul: mountains, stones, river, ground, the Sun, the Moon, etc. In
order not to put themselves into anger of gods and spirits, and to propitiate them, human beings made rituals, customs,
sacrifices, respected “sacral” natural objects and happenings. It was also important to preserve and translate sacral
knowledge from generation to generation. Thus, traditional tengrian presentations about gods and spirits, usual cult
practices, sacral terminology preserved until our times. Folklore, word-poetic, musical, decorative and applied arts
were linked with ancient beliefs – tengrianity, totemism, shamanism, cult of ancestors and ritual-mystical rituality.
And that spiritually and culturally important knowledge, preserving, represent ideological setting in creation of
artworks, musical and literature pieces, etc.
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“Tengrianity is a religion, which did not possess written narration, its theological doctrine. Everything was based
only on oral and visual basis” [8, 9].
Important stage of organization of tengrianity was formation of institution of baksy (shamans). It appeared in
epoch of bronze. In that period presentation about triform of space was created, which was formed from upper, middle
and lower worlds. Type of shaman (servant of a cult, holder of a ritual tradition, and a healer at the same time) is
being created in parallel. In tengrianitybaksy were linking element between three parts of the world. Emergence of
baksy (shaman) and their activity was stipulated by activation of processes of division of labor, development of cattle
breeding, domesticating of wild animals, and invasion of new lands, etc.
Complicated highly developed religion, emerged in epoch of early classed society, further in combination
with Islam, came from Arabic countries, and defined the main role in available modern model of religious life in
Kazakhstan. Division of the world into three parts is preserved even in modern world religions, developed on the
basis of shamanism. Traditional art is out of time, it could be compared with art of baksy, shaman, activity of which
were orientated on link of earthly life, world of current tie with world of spirits, world of stopped time. On our
opinion, one of the fundamental basics of ethic and cultural identity of Kazakhs as an ethnic group is appearance of
tengrianity in culture and art. That is why search and systematization of tengrianity as an open worldview is one of
the main tasks of the given research.
Signed-symbolical basis in tengrian image of the world is cosmic happenings and images of nature (sky, water,
ground, images of animal world). In image of ancestor of any gene an animal protrude: wolf, tiger, deer, lamb, goat,
raven, steppe eagle, etc. The most famous totems among Turks are wolf and swan (white goose – “kazak”). Images
of totemic animals decorated guns and cloths of martials, tools, ritual attributes and other objects of gene property.
Later in some cases they form a peculiar thesaurus of special signs (tamga), motivated emergence and development
of system of “use of tamgas”. Objects and happenings of nature become also pithy contain of gene signs (tamgas).
Thus, in meanings of gene signs we can meet symbols of sky, endless steppe, four parts of the world, world tree, sacral
mountain, images of mythological animals, and attributes of rituals.
Tengrian symbolically-cosmogonic system reflects in sculpture of stone balbals, existing on the territory
of Kazakhstan. Monuments not only reflect triform model of the Universe, created vertically, but also become
spiritualized, as if they rethink surrounding reality. Even despite common typologial unity of balbals, there is no
repeated “face”.
Worshiping sky, water, and ground are known due to monuments of Turkic writing and mythology. Those
significant categories in art possess several markers, and are idealized in folklore texts, rituals, images and other
forms. For example, marker of the ground is its center.
Image of the world of Kazakh ethnic group, tengrian in its essence, detects prevailing of cosmocentric, theocentric
and ecocentric images of the world. As a rule, these images do not exist in isolated wholeness, but can be as defining,
as complimentary.
Image of nature in traditional culture reflects through genres of fine art and craft – through ornament, symbolic of
clothes, color row of surrounding. Despite the fact that on different stages of its development, art of nomads created
new artistic forms, it preserved existing canons in Kazakh folk ornamental and artistic motives.
On basis of culturological priorities on relation to Space, the God, Nature and Society different types of images
of the world may be presented as cosmocentric, theocentric, ecocentric, socioentric and anthropocentric [10, 53].
Cosmocentric image of the world represent ordered structure of the World, in which culturally important signs and
symbols are created and exist according to canons of the Universe. As an example of symbolical presentation about
space is art of Skyths-saks, where “animal style” and its special signed system, expressing world perception of
saks was formed. Jewelry art acquired perfection, and jewelries, picturing images of different animals – deer, birds,
lions, and leopards carry as decorative, as sacral meaning. One of the most signed and symbolical embodiment
of such worldview is costume and headdress of Sak leader “Golden Man”, which itself embodies harmony of the
Universe and separates Space from Chaos. Significant is as the whole costume, as its separate elements. “Signed” or
semantic content of the costume and its elements exist in traditional Kazakh clothes, where it is perceived in universal
categories “up-down”, “sacral-usual”, “fruitfulness-fruitlessness”, “male-female” [11, 66]. Sak stone monuments
except anthropomorphic function carry cosmogonic function, as during transmitting of human figure, three of its parts
– head, body and legs – correspond to organization of world creation – sky, earth, underground. Such anthropomorphic
understanding of the space is charactered for earlier epochs, as well as ancient Turkic time.
In cosmogonic presentation form and building of kobyz and dombyra also model idea of triform model of the
world.
Thus, canon and unity of model of the Space reflected in traditional image of the world, its elements, and within
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explanation of semantic sense of signed objects of traditional art sacral relation to space and time – ordered Space,
mythological perception, reflecting model of the world – is counted.
Geocentric and ecocentric images of the world tightly interrelated; Nature becomes the main and perfect in them,
and a human being is its compound. Performing as a symbol of divine space, Nature can be equalized to the God
(pantheism) and divided with it (theism) [10, p. 61].
In ecocentric image of the world art is diversified in its expression, it performs i front of the human being as
something endless, created from many happenings, which are necessary to acquire practically and spiritually…
“Natural world, sensitively perceived, - one of the basis, on which national world attitude of nomad is grown” [12,
63].
Objects and happenings of nature become also pithy contain of gene signs (tamgas). Thus, in meanings of gene
signs of Kazakhs symbols of sky, endless steppe, four parts of the world, tree, sacral mountain, and images of mythical
animals can be met.
“Image of the world, in which the World is narrowed to the size of the Soiety, defines a change of links of a Human
with the World, when the link with the Space, the God and the Nature are changed into social links, and the Thing, the
Capital acquires the main value in World relation links” [10, 64]. “The basis of formation of antropocentric image of
the world was presentation about uniqueness of the Human being and subordination of the whole World to the world
of the Human being, i.e. presentation about such structure of world creation, which main value and center is a human
being” [10, 65].
Traditional art of Kazakhs formed during long period of time, and in whole as any other traditional culture
it possesses communicative, magic, religious and informative functions, presenting special interest for the given
research.
Communicative function comprises transmitting of information from human being to human being, from group to
group, and from generation to generation. Link between the generations is implemented through “signed” system of
rituals, traditions, gene succession, in which cultural objects, signs-symbols, images are fixed elements. Such cultural
codes fixed link between a human being and society.
Informative function gave to representative of traditional society ability to foresee aimed action, that is why
attention of a human being and their art were dedicated to the closest objects, surrounding them, meaning of which
must be uncovered. “researched” by subjects were those, which life and existence of human being and their gene was
dependent from. These were nature, animals, system of nutrition, space of existence, and forms of communication.
Magic and religious function of art is showed, when a human being, wishing live in harmony with forces of nature,
tries to hold them under control. Religious presentations and linked with them magical actions, were accompanied
by images on different materials: stone, ceramics in type of signs or images, as well as rituals, in which different
attributes were used, domestic scenes and scenes from hunt were replayed, etc.
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